|
Emamectin Benzoate
Emamectin is the 4-deoxy-4-methylamino derivative of abamectin, a 16-membered macrocyclic lactone produced by the fermentation of the soil actinomycete ''Streptomyces avermitilis''. It is generally prepared as the salt (chemistry), salt with benzoic acid, emamectin benzoate, which is a white or faintly yellow powder. Emamectin is widely used in the US and Canada as an insecticide because of its chloride channel activation properties. History Emamectin, produced by the bacterium ''Streptomyces avermitilis'', belongs to the avermectin family of compounds all of which exhibit toxicity for nematodes, arthropods, and several other pests. The benzoate salt of emamectin in particular has found widespread use as an insecticide and is approved by the EPA for use in prevention of emerald ash borer in ash trees. Emamectin is derived from avermectin B1, also known as abamectin, a mixture of the natural avermectin B1a and B1b. Emamectin has also shown promising applications in the eradicatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzoate
Benzoic acid () is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula , whose structure consists of a benzene ring () with a carboxyl () substituent. The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn," which is used for benzyl), thus benzoic acid is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –. It is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives. Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates (). History Benzoic acid was discovered in the sixteenth century. The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by Ale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ips (beetle)
''Ips'' is a genus of beetles in the family Curculionidae, the true weevils. They are bark beetles, members of the subfamily Scolytinae. Species are distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere.Birgersson, G., et al. (2012)Pheromone production, attraction, and interspecific inhibition among four species of ''Ips'' bark beetles in the southeastern USA.''Psyche'' 2012. Article 532652 Some are known as introduced species in Australia and Africa.Buhroo, A. A. and F. Lakatos. (2011)Molecular and morphological diagnostic markers for the Himalayan ''Ips'' DeGeer species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae).''Zootaxa'' 3128, 47–57. Many species are pest (organism), pests of forest trees, especially pines and spruces.''Ips'' species of the western United States. Bark and Wood Boring Beetles of the World. Bugwood Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Derivatives Of Emamectin (molecular Diagrams)
The derivative of a function is the rate of change of the function's output relative to its input value. Derivative may also refer to: In mathematics and economics *Brzozowski derivative in the theory of formal languages *Covariant derivative, a way of specifying a derivative along tangent vectors of a manifold with a connection. *Exterior derivative, an extension of the concept of the differential of a function to differential forms of higher degree. *Formal derivative, an operation on elements of a polynomial ring which mimics the form of the derivative from calculus *Fréchet derivative, a derivative defined on normed spaces. *Gateaux derivative, a generalization of the concept of directional derivative in differential calculus. *Lie derivative, the change of a tensor field (including scalar functions, vector fields and one-forms), along the flow defined by another vector field. * Radon–Nikodym derivative in measure theory *Derivative (set theory), a concept applicable to no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oleandrose
Oleandrose is a type of carbohydrate with the chemical formula C7H14O4. With a six-carbon chain, it is classified as a hexose. With two hydroxyl groups replaced with hydrogen atoms, it is a dideoxy sugar. The hydroxyl group at C3 is methylated. Occurrence Oleandrdose is found in the leaves of ''Nerium oleander'' and may contribute to the toxicity of the plant. Oleandrose is also a component of several naturally-occurring chemical compounds including the avermectins ( emamectin, abamectins, ivermectin, and others), the macrolide antibiotic oleandomycin, and the cardiac glycoside oleandrin Oleandrin is a cardiac glycoside found in the poisonous plant oleander (''Nerium oleander'' L.). As a main phytochemical of oleander, oleandrin is associated with the toxicity of oleander sap, and has similar properties to digoxin. Oleander has .... Laboratory syntheses of L-oleandrose and DL-oleandrose have been reported. See also * Sarmentose, a diastereomeric dideoxy sugar Referen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a disease caused by infection with the parasitic worm ''Onchocerca volvulus''. Symptoms include severe itching, bumps under the skin, and blindness. It is the second-most common cause of blindness due to infection, after trachoma. The parasitic worm is spread by the bites of a black fly of the ''Simulium'' genus. Usually, many bites are required before infection occurs. These flies live near rivers, hence the common name of the disease, River blindness. Once inside a person, the worms create larvae that make their way out to the skin, where they can infect the next black fly that bites the person. There are a number of ways to make the diagnosis, including placing a biopsy of the skin in normal saline and watching for the larva to come out, looking in the eye for larvae, and looking within the bumps under the skin for adult worms. A vaccine against the disease does not exist. Prevention is by avoiding being bitten by flies. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strongyloidiasis
Strongyloidiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by the nematode called '' Strongyloides stercoralis'', or sometimes the closely related ''S. fülleborni''. These helminths belong to a group of nematodes called roundworms. These intestinal worms can cause a number of symptoms in people, principally skin symptoms, abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss, but also many other specific and vague symptoms in disseminated disease, and severe life-threatening conditions through hyperinfection. In some people, particularly those who require corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medication, ''Strongyloides'' can cause a hyperinfection syndrome that can lead to death if untreated. The diagnosis is made by blood and stool tests. The medication ivermectin is widely used to treat strongyloidiasis. Strongyloidiasis is a type of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Low estimates postulate it to affect 30–100 million people worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical countries, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivermectin
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug. After its discovery in 1975, its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. Approved for human use in 1987, it is used to treat infestations including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis and lymphatic filariasis. It works through many mechanisms to kill the targeted parasites, and can be taken by mouth, or applied to the skin for external infestations. It belongs to the avermectin family of medications. William Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura were awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for its discovery and applications. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an antiparasitic agent. In 2022, it was the 314th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 200,000 prescriptions. It is available as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sea Louse
Sea lice (singular: sea louse) are copepods (small crustaceans) of the family Caligidae within the order Siphonostomatoida. They are marine ectoparasites (external parasites) that feed on the mucus, epidermal tissue, and blood of host fish. The roughly 559 species in 37 genera include around 162 '' Lepeophtheirus'' and 268 '' Caligus'' species. The genera ''Lepeophtheirus'' and ''Caligus'' parasitize marine fish. '' Lepeophtheirus salmonis'' and various ''Caligus'' species are adapted to salt water and are major ectoparasites of farmed and wild Atlantic salmon. Several antiparasitic drugs have been developed for control purposes. ''L. salmonis'' is the best understood in the areas of its biology and interactions with its salmon host. ''Caligus rogercresseyi'' has become a major parasite of concern on salmon farms in countries including Chile and Scotland. Studies are under way to gain a better understanding of the parasite and the host-parasite interactions. Recent evidence i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salmon Louse
The salmon louse (''Lepeophtheirus salmonis'') is a species of copepod in the genus ''Lepeophtheirus''. It is a sea louse, a parasite living mostly on Salmonidae, salmon, particularly on Pacific salmon, Pacific and Atlantic salmon, Atlantic salmon and sea trout, but is also sometimes found on the three-spined stickleback. It feeds on the mucus, skin and blood of the fish."Sea Lice." Marine Institute. Marine Institute, n. d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. . Once detached, they can be blown by wind across the surface of the sea, like plankton. When they encounter a suitable marine fish host, they adhere themselves to the skin, fins, or gills of the fish, and feed on the mucus or skin. Sea lice only affect fish and are not harmful to humans. Salmon lice are ectoparasites of salmon. In the 1980s, high levels of salmon lice were observed on pink salmon juvenile salmon, smolts. Salmon lice are found in the Pacific Ocean, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic Oceans; they infect pink salmon, Atlanti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus
''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus'', commonly known as pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode (PWN), is a species of nematode that infects trees in the ''Pinus'' genus of coniferous trees and causes the disease pine wilt.''Bursaphelenchus xylophilus''. Nemaplex. UC Davis. While native to North America, it spread in the early 20th century to and in the latter half of the century to other areas of , including , |
Pinus Thunbergii
''Pinus thunbergii'' (syn: ''Pinus thunbergiana''), the black pine, Japanese black pine, or Japanese pine, is a pine tree native to coastal areas of Japan (Kyūshū, Shikoku and Honshū) and South Korea. It is called () in Korean, () in Chinese, and () in Japanese. Description Black pines can reach the height of , but rarely achieves this size outside its natural range. The needles are in fascicles of two with a white sheath at the base, long. Female cones are in length, scaled, with small points on the tips of the scales, taking two years to mature. Male cones are long borne in clumps of 12–20 on the tips of the spring growth. The bark is gray on young trees and small branches, changing to black and plated on larger branches and the trunk; becoming quite thick on older trunks. It is a widely adapted plant with attractive dark green foliage. Ecology In North America this tree is subject to widespread mortality by the native American pinewood nematode, ''Bursaphel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol, with the chemical formula (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, Volatility (chemistry), volatile, colorless and flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odor similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol), but is more acutely toxic than the latter. Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced through destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a Precursor (chemistry), precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl ''tert''-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
