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Drosophila
''Drosophila'' (), from Ancient Greek δρόσος (''drósos''), meaning "dew", and φίλος (''phílos''), meaning "loving", is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit. They should not be confused with the Tephritidae, a related family, which are also called fruit flies (sometimes referred to as "true fruit flies"); tephritids feed primarily on unripe or ripe fruit, with many species being regarded as destructive agricultural pests, especially the Mediterranean fruit fly. One species of ''Drosophila'' in particular, ''Drosophila melanogaster'', has been heavily used in research in genetics and is a common model organism in developmental biology. The terms "fruit fly" and "''Drosophila''" are often used synonymously with ''D. melanogaster'' in modern biological literatur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Melanogaster
''Drosophila melanogaster'' is a species of fly (an insect of the Order (biology), order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae. The species is often referred to as the fruit fly or lesser fruit fly, or less commonly the "vinegar fly", "pomace fly", or "banana fly". In the wild, ''D. melanogaster'' are attracted to rotting fruit and fermenting beverages, and are often found in orchards, kitchens and pubs. Starting with Charles W. Woodworth's 1901 proposal of the use of this species as a model organism, ''D. melanogaster'' continues to be widely used for biological research in genetics, physiology, microbial pathogenesis, and Life history theory, life history evolution. ''D. melanogaster'' was the first animal to be Fruit flies in space, launched into space in 1947. As of 2017, six Nobel Prizes have been awarded to drosophilists for their work using the insect. ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is typically used in research owing to its rapid life cycle, relatively simple genetics with on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila (subgenus)
''Drosophila'' is a paraphyletic subgenus of the genus ''Drosophila'', a classification of fruit flies. This subgenus was first described by Alfred Sturtevant in 1939.Sturtevant, A. H. (1939)On the subdivision of the genus ''Drosophila'' ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America'' (often abbreviated ''PNAS'' or ''PNAS USA'') is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Scie ...''. 25, 137–141. Members of the subgenus ''Drosophila'' can be distinguished from other drosophilid species by breaks in the pigmentation along the dorsal section of their abdomen. Phylogeny Most species are within three major groups, the ''virilis-repleta'' radiation, the ''immigrans-tripunctata'' radiation and the Hawaiian ''Drosophila''. Additionally, several smaller species groups are recognized consisting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sophophora
The paraphyletic subgenus ''Sophophora'' of the genus ''Drosophila'' was first described by Alfred Sturtevant in 1939. It contains the best-known drosophilid species, ''Drosophila melanogaster''. ''Sophophora'' translates as carrier ('' phora'') of wisdom (''sophos''). The subgenus is paraphyletic because the genus '' Lordiphosa'' and the species '' Hirtodrosophila duncani'' are also placed within this subgenus. Phylogeny Currently, 10 species groups are recognized, in two main groups, the New World and the Old World The "Old World" () is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously ... Old World: * ''melanogaster'' species group (65 species, including '' D. melanogaster'' and '' D. simulans'') * ''montium'' species group (88) * ''ananassae'' species group (24) * ''obscura'' species group (44) * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dorsilopha
The subgenus ''Dorsilopha'' belongs to genus ''Drosophila'' and consists of four species. The phylogenetic position of this group has been unclear for a long time,van der Linde, K. & Houle, D. (2008). A supertree analysis and literature review of the genus Drosophila and closely related genera. Insect Systematics and Evolution 39, 241-267. but recent studies have shown that the subgenus is positioned ancestral to the subgenus ''Drosophila ''Drosophila'' (), from Ancient Greek δρόσος (''drósos''), meaning "dew", and φίλος (''phílos''), meaning "loving", is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or p ...''. Species *'' Drosophila busckii'' Coquillett, 1901 *'' Drosophila confertidentata'' Zhang, Li and Feng, 2006 *'' Drosophila linearidentata'' Toda, 1986 *'' Drosophila neobusckii'' Toda, 1986 References D Insect subgenera {{Drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophilidae
The Drosophilidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan family of flies, which includes species called fruit flies, although they are more accurately referred to as vinegar or pomace flies. Another distantly related family of flies, Tephritidae, are true fruit flies because they are frugivorous, and include apple maggot flies and many pests. The best known species of the Drosophilidae is ''Drosophila melanogaster'', within the genus ''Drosophila'', also called the "fruit fly." ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is used extensively for studies concerning genetics, development, physiology, ecology and behaviour. Many fundamental biological mechanisms were discovered first in ''D. melanogaster.'' The fruit fly is mostly composed of post-mitotic cells, has a very short lifespan, and shows gradual aging. As in other species, temperature influences the life history of the animal. Several genes have been identified that can be manipulated to extend the lifespan of these insects. Additionally, '' Drosophi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Pseudoobscura
''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' is a species of Drosophilidae, fruit fly, used extensively in lab studies of speciation. It is native to western North America. In 2005, ''D. pseudoobscura'' was the second ''Drosophila'' species to have its genome sequenced, after the model organism ''Drosophila melanogaster''. Allopatric speciation has been induced by reproductive isolation in ''D. pseudoobscura'' after only eight generations using different food types, starch and maltose. Polyandry Female ''Drosophila pseudoobscura'' are polyandry in animals, polyandrous, meaning they mate with more than one male. By mating with multiple males, polyandrous females have more genetically diverse offspring. Fitness benefits Prevention of extinction In the ''D. pseudoobscura'' population, some males have a harmful chromosome called sex ratio (SR), where an inactive Y-chromosome is transmitted. If an SR male mates with a female, the female will produce only daughters. Monandry allows the sprea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dudaica
The subgenus ''Dudaica'' belongs to genus ''Drosophila ''Drosophila'' (), from Ancient Greek δρόσος (''drósos''), meaning "dew", and φίλος (''phílos''), meaning "loving", is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or p ...'' and consists of two species, '' Drosophila malayana'' (Takada, 1976) and '' Drosophila senilis'' Duda, 1926. References Dudaica Insect subgenera {{Drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila Funebris
''Drosophila funebris'' is a species of fruit fly. It was originally described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1787, and placed in the genus '' Musca'' but is now the type species of the paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ... genus '' Drosophila''. ''Drosophila funebris'' is a member of the Immigrans-tripunctata radiation of the subgenus '' Drosophila''. Gallery File:Dfun-fem.tif, ''Drosophila funebris'' female File:Dfun-fem2.tif, ''Drosophila funebris'' female References funebris Insects described in 1787 {{Drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phloridosa
''Phloridosa'' is a subgenus of the genus ''Drosophila ''Drosophila'' (), from Ancient Greek δρόσος (''drósos''), meaning "dew", and φίλος (''phílos''), meaning "loving", is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or p ...''. References Phloridosa Insect subgenera {{Drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Model Organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. Model organisms are widely used to research human disease when human experimentation would be unfeasible or unethical. This strategy is made possible by the common descent of all living organisms, and the conservation of metabolic and developmental pathways and genetic material over the course of evolution. Research using animal models has been central to most of the achievements of modern medicine. It has contributed most of the basic knowledge in fields such as human physiology and biochemistry, and has played significant roles in fields such as neuroscience and infectious disease. The results have included the near- eradication of polio and the development of organ transplantation, and have benefited both humans and animals. From 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinians, Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene. Phenotypic trait, Trait inheritance and Molecular genetics, molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded to study the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the Cell (bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilodorha
''Psilodorha'' is a subgenus of the genus Drosophila ''Drosophila'' (), from Ancient Greek δρόσος (''drósos''), meaning "dew", and φίλος (''phílos''), meaning "loving", is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or p .... References Psilodorha Insect subgenera {{Drosophilidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
