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Dorsal Lip
The Anatomical terms of location, dorsal lip of the blastopore is a structure that forms during early embryonic development and is important for its role in organizing the germ layers. The dorsal lip is formed during early gastrulation as folding of Tissue (biology), tissue along the involuting marginal zone of the blastocoel forms an opening known as the Gastrulation, blastopore. It is particularly important for its role in Development of the nervous system, neural induction through the default model, where signaling from the dorsal lip protects a region of the epiblast from becoming epidermis, thus allowing it to develop to its default Nervous tissue, neural tissue. Discovery The dorsal lip refers to the section of tissue located at the site of the first invagination in the developing Gastrulation, pregastrula and is understood to act as both the neural inducer in the early embryo as well as the overall organizer of the entire Anatomical terms of location, body axis. Early tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anatomical Terms Of Location
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of humans and other animals. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of anatomical planes and axes. The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether a vertebrate is a biped or a quadruped, due to the difference in the neuraxis, or if an invertebrate is a non-bilaterian. A non-bilaterian has no anterior or posterior surface for example but can still have a descriptor used such as proximal or distal in relation to a body part that is nearest to, or furthest from its middle. International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standards for subdisciplines of anatomy. For example, '' Termi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fate Mapping
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors. Fate mapping and cell lineage are similar methods for tracing the history of cells. History Fate maps were created with the intent of tracing a specified region during the early developmental transition of an embryo to a distinct body structure. The first fate maps originate in the 1880s. The early fate maps in 1905 were created by Edwin Conklin and were based on direct observation of the embryos of ascidians (sea squirts) and other marine invertebrates. Modern fate mapping began in 1929 when Walter Vogt invented a process which involved marking a specific region of a developing e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brain
The brain is an organ (biology), organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It consists of nervous tissue and is typically located in the head (cephalization), usually near organs for special senses such as visual perception, vision, hearing, and olfaction. Being the most specialized organ, it is responsible for receiving information from the sensory nervous system, processing that information (thought, cognition, and intelligence) and the coordination of motor control (muscle activity and endocrine system). While invertebrate brains arise from paired segmental ganglia (each of which is only responsible for the respective segmentation (biology), body segment) of the ventral nerve cord, vertebrate brains develop axially from the midline dorsal nerve cord as a brain vesicle, vesicular enlargement at the rostral (anatomical term), rostral end of the neural tube, with centralized control over all body segments. All vertebr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Harland (biologist)
Richard M. Harland One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: is CH Li Distinguished Professor of Genetics, Genomics and Development at the University of California, Berkeley. Education Harland completed his PhD at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge under the supervision of Ron Laskey on regulation of DNA replication in ''Xenopus'' embryos. Career and research Following postdoctoral work at the LMB and at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center with Harold M. Weintraub and Steve McKnight in Seattle he moved to the University of California, Berkeley in 1985. Harland's research aims to understand early developmental biology of vertebrates at the molecular level. Major contributions include understanding the early embryo, and the induction and patterning of the neural plate and the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Awards and honours Harland was elected a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UV Radiation
Ultraviolet radiation, also known as simply UV, is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun. It is also produced by electric arcs, Cherenkov radiation, and specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. The photons of ultraviolet have greater energy than those of visible light, from about 3.1 to 12 electron volts, around the minimum energy required to ionize atoms. Although long-wavelength ultraviolet is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack sufficient energy, it can induce chemical reactions and cause many substances to glow or fluoresce. Many practical applications, including chemical and biological effects, are derived from the way that UV radiation can interact with organic molecules. These i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chordin-like 1
Chordin-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRDL1 gene. Chordin-Like 1 (CHRDL1) is a structural glycoprotein that sits on the X chromosome and specifically encodes Venotropin, which is an antagonistic protein to bone morphogenic protein 4. Function This gene encodes an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein 4. The encoded protein may play a role in topographic retinotectal projection and in the regulation of retinal angiogenesis in response to hypoxia. Alternatively spliced Alternative splicing, alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative RNA splicing, splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to produce different splice variants. For example, some exons of a gene ma ... transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described. CHRDL1 plays important roles in processes such as embryonic cell differentiation, osteogenesis, neurogenesis, tumor and metastasis suppression, and retinal formation. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noggin (protein)
Noggin, also known as NOG, is a protein that is involved in the development of many Tissue (biology), body tissues, including Nervous tissue, nerve tissue, Skeletal muscle, muscles, and bones. In humans, noggin is encoded by the ''NOG'' gene. The Protein primary structure, amino acid sequence of human noggin is highly homologous to that of rat, mouse, and ''Xenopus'' (an aquatic frog genus). Noggin is an inhibitor of several Bone morphogenetic protein, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs): it inhibits at least Bone morphogenetic protein 2, BMP2, Bone morphogenetic protein 4, 4, Bone morphogenetic protein 5, 5, Bone morphogenetic protein 6, 6, Bone morphogenetic protein 7, 7, GDF6, 13, and GDF5, 14. The protein's name, which is a slang English-language word for "head", was coined in reference to its ability to produce embryos with large heads when exposed at high concentrations. Function Noggin is a Cell signaling, signaling molecule that plays an important role in promoting som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and non-coding genes. During gene expression (the synthesis of Gene product, RNA or protein from a gene), DNA is first transcription (biology), copied into RNA. RNA can be non-coding RNA, directly functional or be the intermediate protein biosynthesis, template for the synthesis of a protein. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring, is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits from one generation to the next. These genes make up different DNA sequences, together called a genotype, that is specific to every given individual, within the gene pool of the population (biology), population of a given species. The genotype, along with environmental and developmental factors, ultimately determines the phenotype ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irradiation
Irradiation is the process by which an object is exposed to radiation. An irradiator is a device used to expose an object to radiation, most often gamma radiation, for a variety of purposes. Irradiators may be used for sterilizing medical and pharmaceutical supplies, preserving foodstuffs, alteration of gemstone colors, studying radiation effects, eradicating insects through sterile male release programs, or calibrating thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The exposure can originate from various sources, including natural sources. Most frequently the term refers to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve a specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation. The term irradiation usually excludes the exposure to non-ionizing radiation, such as infrared, visible light, microwaves from cellular phones or electromagnetic waves emitted by radio and television receivers and power supplies. Applications Sterilization If ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein. mRNA is created during the process of transcription, where an enzyme (RNA polymerase) converts the gene into primary transcript mRNA (also known as pre-mRNA). This pre-mRNA usually still contains introns, regions that will not go on to code for the final amino acid sequence. These are removed in the process of RNA splicing, leaving only exons, regions that will encode the protein. This exon sequence constitutes mature mRNA. Mature mRNA is then read by the ribosome, and the ribosome creates the protein utilizing amino acids carried by transfer RNA (tRNA). This process is known as translation. All of these processes form part of the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information in a biological system. As in DNA, genetic inf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemical Substance
A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Chemical substances may take the form of a single element or chemical compounds. If two or more chemical substances can be combined without reacting, they may form a chemical mixture. If a mixture is separated to isolate one chemical substance to a desired degree, the resulting substance is said to be chemically pure. Chemical substances can exist in several different physical states or phases (e.g. solids, liquids, gases, or plasma) without changing their chemical composition. Substances transition between these phases of matter in response to changes in temperature or pressure. Some chemical substances can be combined or converted into new substances by means of chemical reactions. Chemicals that do not possess this ability are said to be inert. Pure water is an example of a chemical substance, with a constant composition of two hydrogen atoms bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
