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Dodging
Dodging and burning are techniques used during the printing process to manipulate the exposure of select areas on a photographic print, deviating from the rest of the image's exposure. In a darkroom print from a film negative, ''dodging'' decreases the exposure for areas of the print that the photographer wishes to be lighter, while ''burning'' increases the exposure to areas of the print that should be darker. Any material with varying degrees of opacity may be used, as preferred, to cover or obscure the desired area for burning or dodging. One may use a transparency with text, designs, patterns, a stencil, or a completely opaque material shaped according to the desired area of burning/dodging. Many modern digital image editing programs have "dodge" and "burn" tools that mimic the effect on digital images. Applications A key application of dodging and burning is to improve contrast (tonal reproduction) in film print-making; today this is better known as tone mapping in digital ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tone Mapping
Tone mapping is a technique used in image processing and computer graphics to map one set of colors to another to approximate the appearance of high-dynamic-range (HDR) images in a medium that has a more limited dynamic range. Print-outs, CRT or LCD monitors, and projectors all have a limited dynamic range that is inadequate to reproduce the full range of light intensities present in natural scenes. Tone mapping addresses the problem of strong contrast reduction from the scene radiance to the displayable range while preserving the image details and color appearance important to appreciate the original scene content. Inverse tone mapping is the inverse technique that allows to expand the luminance range, mapping a low dynamic range image into a higher dynamic range image. It is notably used to upscale SDR videos to HDR videos. Background The introduction of film-based photography created issues since capturing the wide dynamic range of lighting from the real world on a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darkroom
A darkroom is used to process photographic film, make Photographic printing, prints and carry out other associated tasks. It is a room that can be made completely dark to allow the processing of light-sensitive photographic materials, including film and photographic paper. Various equipment is used in the darkroom, including an enlarger, baths containing chemicals, and running water. Darkrooms have been used since the inception of photography in the early 19th century. Darkrooms have many various manifestations, from the elaborate space used by Ansel Adams to a retooled ambulance wagon used by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. From the initial development of the film to the creation of prints, the darkroom process allows complete control over the medium. Due to the popularity of color photography and complexity of List of photographic processes, processing color film (''see C-41 process'') and printing color photographs and also to the rise, first of Instant camera, instant photography te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blend Modes
Blend modes (alternatively blending modes or mixing modes) in digital image editing and computer graphics are used to determine how two Layers (digital image editing), layers are blended with each other. The default blend mode in most applications is simply to obscure the lower layer by covering it with whatever is present in the top layer (see alpha compositing); because each pixel has numerical values, there also are many other ways to blend two layers. Most Graphics software, graphics editing programs, such as Adobe Photoshop and GIMP, allow users to modify the basic blend modes, for example by applying different levels of opacity to the top "layer". The top "layer" is not necessarily a layer in the application; it may be applied with a painting or editing tool. The top "layer" also is called the "blend layer" and the "active layer". In the formulas shown on this page, values go from 0.0 (black) to 1.0 (white). ''Normal'' blend mode This is the standard blend mode which uses th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darkroom Dodging
A darkroom is used to process photographic film, make prints and carry out other associated tasks. It is a room that can be made completely dark to allow the processing of light-sensitive photographic materials, including film and photographic paper. Various equipment is used in the darkroom, including an enlarger, baths containing chemicals, and running water. Darkrooms have been used since the inception of photography in the early 19th century. Darkrooms have many various manifestations, from the elaborate space used by Ansel Adams to a retooled ambulance wagon used by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. From the initial development of the film to the creation of prints, the darkroom process allows complete control over the medium. Due to the popularity of color photography and complexity of processing color film (''see C-41 process'') and printing color photographs and also to the rise, first of instant photography technology and later digital photography, darkrooms have been decreasin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enlarger
An enlarger is a specialized transparency Image projector, projector used to produce Photography, photographic prints from film or glass Negative (photography), negatives, or from reversal film, transparencies. Construction All enlargers consist of a light source, normally an incandescent light bulb shining though a condenser (optics), condenser or translucent screen to provide even illumination, a holder for the negative or transparency, and a specialized lens for projection, though some, such as the Rapid Rectilinear or Aplanat could be used in both camera and enlarger. Enlarger lenses, like the Dialyte lens, dialyte construction, are generally symmetrical in design or nearly so, optimised for sharp focus at 2x to 10x magnification. The light passes through a Photographic film, film holder, which holds the exposed and Film developing, developed photographic negative or transparency. Prints made with an enlarger are called ''enlargements''. Typically, enlargers are used in a dar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Darkroom Burn
A darkroom is used to process photographic film, make prints and carry out other associated tasks. It is a room that can be made completely dark to allow the processing of light-sensitive photographic materials, including film and photographic paper. Various equipment is used in the darkroom, including an enlarger, baths containing chemicals, and running water. Darkrooms have been used since the inception of photography in the early 19th century. Darkrooms have many various manifestations, from the elaborate space used by Ansel Adams to a retooled ambulance wagon used by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. From the initial development of the film to the creation of prints, the darkroom process allows complete control over the medium. Due to the popularity of color photography and complexity of processing color film (''see C-41 process'') and printing color photographs and also to the rise, first of instant photography technology and later digital photography, darkrooms have been decreasin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zone System
The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer. Adams described the Zone System as " ..not an invention of mine; it is a codification of the principles of sensitometry, worked out by Fred Archer and myself at the Art Center School in Los Angeles, around 1939–40." The technique is based on the late 19th-century sensitometry studies of Hurter and Driffield. The Zone System provides photographers with a systematic method of precisely defining the relationship between the way they visualize the photographic subject and the final results. Although it originated with black-and-white sheet film, the Zone System is also applicable to roll film, both black-and-white and color, negative and reversal, and to digital photography. Principles Visualization An expressive image involves the arrangement and rendering of various scene elements according to the photographer's desire. Achievin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ansel Adams
Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his Monochrome photography, black-and-white images of the American West. He helped found Group f/64, an association of photographers advocating "pure" photography which favored Deep focus, sharp focus and the use of the full Dynamic range#Photography, tonal range of a photograph. He and Fred R. Archer, Fred Archer developed a system of image-making called the Zone System, a method of achieving a desired final print through a technical understanding of how the tonal range of an image is the result of choices made in Exposure (photography), exposure, Negative (photography), negative development, and Photographic printing, printing. Adams was a life-long advocate for Nature conservation, environmental conservation, and his photographic practice was deeply entwined with this advocacy. At age 14, he was given his first camera during his first visit to Yosemi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albert Schweitzer
Ludwig Philipp Albert Schweitzer (; 14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a German and French polymath from Alsace. He was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and physician. As a Lutheran minister, Schweitzer challenged both the secular view of the historical Jesus as depicted by the historical-critical method current at this time, as well as the traditional Christology, Christian view. His contributions to the interpretation of Pauline Christianity concern the role of Paul the Apostle, Paul's mysticism of "being in Christ" as primary and the doctrine of justification by faith as secondary. He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize for his philosophy of "Reverence for Life", becoming the eighth Frenchman to be awarded that prize. His philosophy was expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Equatorial Africa (now Gabon). As a music scholar and organist, he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julie Dorsey
Julie Dorsey is an American computer scientist specializing in computer graphics. With architecture as a driving application, her research in computer graphics has included work on high-dynamic-range imaging, image-based modeling and rendering, and billboarding. She is the Frederick W. Beinecke Professor of Computer Science at Yale University, and the founder and Chief Scientist of 3D sketching software companMental Canvas Affiliations Julie Dorsey is from Fairfield, Connecticut, and her parents are Virginia L. O'Brien and Stephen J. O'Brien. In August 1989, she married John Luke Kurkpatrick Dorsey. Education and career Dorsey was an undergraduate at Cornell University, where she earned bachelor's degrees in both architecture and computer science. She completed her Ph.D. in computer science at Cornell in 1993. Her dissertation, ''Computer Graphics Techniques For Opera Lighting Design And Simulation'', was supervised by Donald P. Greenberg. She was a tenured professor of compu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exposure (photography)
In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area reaching a frame (photography), frame of photographic film or the surface of an electronic image sensor. It is determined by shutter speed, lens f-number, and scene luminance. Exposure is measured in unit of measurement, units of lux-seconds (symbol lxs), and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene luminance in a specified region. An "exposure" is a single shutter cycle. For example, a long-exposure photography, long exposure refers to a single, long shutter cycle to gather enough dim light, whereas a multiple exposure involves a series of shutter cycles, effectively layering a series of photographs in one image. The accumulated ''photometric exposure'' (''H''v) is the same so long as the total exposure time is the same. Definitions Radiant exposure Radiant exposure of a ''surface'', denoted ''H''e ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with Photometry (optics), photometric quantities) and measured in , i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
