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Direktmandat
In Germany, a direktmandat ( ''English'': direct mandate) is a parliamentary seat that is won by the candidate who receives the most votes in a constituency in a legislative election. In the mixed-member proportional representation system used in Germany, a political party receives mandates on the state list for the number of seats it wins in the constituencies, so that direct mandates generally have no influence on the number of seats the parties have in parliament. In contrast, in a majority voting system such as in the United Kingdom or the United States, the number of seats the parties have depends exclusively on their success in the constituencies. Germany Bundestag Under the federal election law, 299 members of the German Bundestag are elected directly in their Bundestag constituency. At least another 299 (299 plus any compensatory mandates for levelling purposes) are elected via their party's electoral list ( list candidate). The first vote and the second vote can be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2021 German Federal Election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 26 September 2021 to elect the members of the 20th Bundestag. State elections in Berlin and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern were also held. Incumbent chancellor Angela Merkel, first elected in 2005, chose not to run again, marking the first time that an incumbent Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany has not sought re-election. With 25.7% of total votes, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) recorded their best result since 2005, and emerged as the largest party for the first time since 2002. The ruling CDU/CSU, which had led a grand coalition with the SPD since 2013, recorded their worst ever result with 24.1%, a significant decline from 32.9% in 2017. Alliance 90/The Greens achieved their best result in history at 14.8%, while the Free Democratic Party (FDP) made small gains and finished on 11.5%. The Alternative for Germany (AfD) fell from third to fifth place with 10.3%, a decline of 2.3 percentage points. The Left suffered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State List (Germany)
In Germany, the state list or state electoral proposal, ( ''German'': Landesliste or Landeswahlvorschlag) is the list of candidates of a party for the election to the Bundestag, or the elections to those state parliaments with mixed-member proportional representation and for the European Parliament elections if a party decides on a state rather than a federal list. In contrast to the vote on the candidates of the constituencies, who are elected directly ( Direktmandat), voters can usually only vote on the candidates on the state list as a whole by voting for a party with their second vote. Depending on the distribution of seats in parliament, the corresponding number of candidates in the order of the list of the respective party are considered elected. The possibility of distributing votes to specific candidates on a state list is called cumulation and panachage and can change the order. This has been introduced in some states, such as , Bremen and , but has only been discussed in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electoral Threshold
The electoral threshold, or election threshold, is the minimum share of the primary vote that a candidate or political party requires to achieve before they become entitled to representation or additional seats in a legislature. This limit can operate in various ways, e.g. in party-list proportional representation systems where an electoral threshold requires that a party must receive a specified minimum percentage of votes (e.g. 5%), either nationally or in a particular electoral district, to obtain seats in the legislature. In Single transferable voting the election threshold is called the quota and not only the first choice but also the next-indicated choices are used to determine whether or not a party passes the electoral threshold (and it is possible to be elected under STV even if a candidate does not pass the election threshold). In MMP systems the election threshold determines which parties are eligible for the top-up seats. The effect of an electoral threshold is to d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Listenkandidat
In Germany, a listenkandidat ( ''English'': list candidate) is elected via an electoral list drawn up by a political party or a voters' association, usually by proportional representation. Depending on the electoral system, the voter has more or less influence on the people who are elected with his or her vote. The counterpart to the list candidate is the direct candidate (''Direktmandat''). In , only state lists are elected with the second vote, and the ranking of candidates is fixed according to the federal election law. It is decided by the respective party before the election, and according to the , this must be done in a democratic manner. The allows voters to choose a direct candidate with their first vote and a candidate on one of the lists with their second vote. The strength of the parties in the state parliament (Landtag) is determined by the ratio of the total number of votes. For each party, the candidates who received the most votes on their list (sum of first and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its 16 constituent states have a total population of over 84 million in an area of . It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and Czechia to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its main financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Settlement in what is now Germany began in the Lower Paleolithic, with various tribes inhabiting it from the Neolithic onward, chiefly the Celts. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Political Parties In Germany
This article lists political parties in Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany has a plural multi party system. The largest by members and parliament seats are the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), with its sister party, the Christian Social Union (CSU) and Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Germany also has a number of other parties, in recent history most importantly the Free Democratic Party (FDP), Alliance 90/The Greens, The Left, and more recently the Alternative for Germany (AfD), founded in 2013. The federal government of Germany often consisted of a coalition of a major and a minor party, specifically CDU/CSU and FDP or SPD and FDP, and from 1998 to 2005 SPD and Greens. From 1966 to 1969, from 2005 to 2009 and from 2013 to 2021, the federal government consisted of a coalition of the two major parties, called Grand Coalition. Coalitions in the Bundestag and state legislatures are often described by party colors. Party colors are red for the Social Democratic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Social Union In Bavaria
The Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( German: , CSU) is a Christian-democratic and conservative political party in Germany. Having a regionalist identity, the CSU operates only in Bavaria while its larger counterpart, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), operates in the other fifteen states of Germany. It differs from the CDU by being somewhat more conservative in social matters, following Catholic social teaching. The CSU is considered the ''de facto'' successor of the Weimar-era Catholic Bavarian People's Party. At the federal level, the CSU forms a common faction in the Bundestag with the CDU which is frequently referred to as the Union Faction (''die Unionsfraktion'') or simply CDU/CSU. The CSU has 45 seats in the Bundestag since the 2021 federal election, making it currently the second smallest of the seven parties represented. The CSU is a member of the European People's Party and the International Democrat Union. Party leader Markus Söder serves as Ministe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andreas Scheuer
Andreas Franz Scheuer (born 26 September 1974) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) party. From 2018 to 2021, he was Federal Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure in the Cabinet Merkel IV. From 2013 to 2018, he was Secretary General of the CSU. From 2009 to 2013, he was Parliamentary Secretary of State in the former Federal Ministry for Transport, Building and Urban Development in the Cabinet Merkel II. He has been a member of the German Bundestag since 2002. In 2016, he was also elected district chairman of CSU Lower Bavaria. Early life and education Scheuer was born in Passau and completed high school there in 1994. In 1998, he completed his first state examination in teaching at junior high schools. Afterwards, he achieved a master's degree in political science, economics, and sociology at the University of Passau in 2001. In 2004, he completed a PhDr at Charles University Prague. Political career Career in state politics Scheuer ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stefan Müller (politician)
Stefan Müller (born 3 September 1975) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) has been serving as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria since 2002. In addition to his parliamentary mandate, Müller served as one of two Parliamentary State Secretaries at the Federal Ministry of Education and Research in the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel from 2013 until 2018. Political career Müller became a member of the Bundestag in the 2002 German federal election, representing the Erlangen district. In parliament, he has served on the Finance Committee (2002-2005); the Committee on Labour and Social Affairs (2005-2009); the Committee for Education, Research and Technology Assessment (2005-2009); and the Subcommittee on European Affairs (2005-2009). In addition to his committee assignments, he is part of the German Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with the Cono Sur States. In the negotiations to form a coalition government follow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overhang Seat
Overhang seats are constituency seats won in an election under the traditional mixed member proportional (MMP) system (as it originated in Germany), when a party's share of the nationwide votes would entitle it to fewer seats than the number of individual constituencies won. How overhang seats arise Under MMP, a party is entitled to a number of seats based on its share of the total vote. If a party's share entitles it to ten seats and its candidates win seven constituencies, it will be awarded three list seats, bringing it up to its required number. This only works, however, if the party's seat entitlement is not less than the number of constituencies it has won. If, for example, a party is entitled to five seats, but wins six constituencies, the sixth constituency seat is referred to as an overhang seat. Overhang can result from an unproportional distribution of constituencies as well as strong region-based support or the existence of regional parties. Earning overhang seat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centre Party (Germany)
The Centre Party (german: Zentrum), officially the German Centre Party (german: link=no, Deutsche Zentrumspartei) and also known in English as the Catholic Centre Party, is a Catholic political party in Germany, influential in the German Empire and Weimar Republic. It is the oldest German political party to be still in existence since its founding date. Formed in 1870, it successfully battled the ''Kulturkampf'' waged by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck against the Catholic Church. It soon won a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag (Imperial Parliament), and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities. The party name ''Zentrum'' (Centre) originally came from the fact Catholic representatives would take up the middle section of seats in parliament between social democrats and conservatives. For most of the Weimar Republic, the Centre Party was the third-largest party in the Reichstag and a bulwark of the Republic, participati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1953 West German Federal Election
Federal elections were held in West Germany on 6 September 1953 to elect the members of the second Bundestag. The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) emerged as the largest party. This elections were the last before Saarland joined West Germany in 1957. It had been a separate entity, Saar protectorate, under French control since 1946. Campaign Federal Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (who was also CDU leader) campaigned on his policies of economic reconstruction and growth, moderate conservatism or Christian democracy, and close relations with the United States. During the campaign he attacked the Social Democratic Party (SPD) ferociously. His staff had a comfortable coach on a train previously used only by Hermann Göring and behind that a dining car with sleeping berths for journalists.Charles Williams (2000) ''Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany'', p407 The new SPD leader (Kurt Schumacher had died in 1952) was Erich Ollenhauer, who was more moderate in his policies than Schumac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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