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Debasement
A debasement of coinage is the practice of lowering the intrinsic value of coins, especially when used in connection with commodity money, such as gold or silver coins, while continuing to circulate it at face value. A coin is said to be debased if the quantity of gold, silver, copper or nickel in the coin is reduced. Examples Roman Empire In Roman currency, the value of the denarius was gradually decreased over time as the Ancient Rome, Roman government altered both the size and the silver content of the coin. Originally, the silver used was nearly pure, weighing about 4.5 grams. From time to time, this was reduced. During the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the denarius contained approximately 4 grams of silver, and then was reduced to 3.8 grams under Nero. The denarius continued to shrink in size and purity, until by the second half of the third century, it was only about 2% silver, and was replaced by the Argenteus. Ottoman Empire Weight of akçe in grams of silver and ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Currency
Roman currency for most of Roman history consisted of gold, silver, bronze, orichalcum#Numismatics, orichalcum and copper coinage. From its introduction during the Roman Republic, Republic, in the third century BC, through Roman Empire, Imperial times, Roman currency saw many changes in form, denomination, and composition. A feature was the inflationary debasement and replacement of coins over the centuries. Notable examples of this followed the reforms of Diocletian. This trend continued with Byzantine currency. Due to the economic power and longevity of the Roman state, Roman currency was widely used throughout western Eurasia and northern Africa from classical times into the Middle Ages. It served as a model for the currencies of the List of Muslim states and dynasties, Muslim caliphates and the European states during the Middle Ages and the Modern Era. Roman currency names survive today in many countries via the Carolingian monetary system, such as the dinar (from the ''denari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gresham's Law
In economics, Gresham's law is a monetary principle stating that "bad money drives out good". For example, if there are two forms of commodity money in circulation, which are accepted by law as having similar face value, the more valuable commodity will gradually disappear from circulation. The law was named in 1857 by economist Henry Dunning Macleod after Sir Thomas Gresham (1519–1579), an English financier during the Tudor dynasty. Gresham had urged Queen Elizabeth to restore confidence in then- debased English currency. The concept was thoroughly defined in Renaissance Europe by Nicolaus Copernicus and known centuries earlier in classical Antiquity, the Near East, and China. "Good money" and "bad money" Under Gresham's law, "good money" is money that shows little difference between its nominal value (the face value of the coin) and its commodity value (the value of the metal of which it is made, often precious metals, such as gold or silver). The price spread betwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coin
A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. The faces of coins or medals are sometimes called the ''obverse'' and the ''reverse'', referring to the front and back sides, respectively. The obverse of a coin is commonly called ''heads'', because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse is known as ''tails''. The first metal coins – invented in the ancient Greek world and disseminated during the Hellenistic period – were precious metal–based, and were invented in order to simplify and regularize the task of measuring and weighing bullion (bulk metal) carried around for the purpose of transactions. They carried their value within the coins themselves, but the stampings also induced manip ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuruş
Kuruş ( ; ), also gurush, ersh, gersh, grush, grosha, and grosi, are all names for currency denominations in and around the territories formerly part of the Ottoman Empire. The variation in the name stems from the different languages it is used in (Arabic, Amharic, Turkish and Greek) and the different transcriptions into the Latin alphabet. In European languages, the kuruş was known as the piastre. Today the kuruş (.') is a Turkish currency subunit, with one Turkish lira equal to 100 kuruş as of the 2005 revaluation of the lira. Until the 1844 subdivision of the former Ottoman gold lira, the kuruş was the standard unit of currency within the Ottoman Empire, and was subdivided into 40 '' para'' or 120 '' akçe''. Name The Turkish word ''kuruş'' (, ''kurûş''); , ; plural , ) is derived from the French '' gros'' ("heavy"), which itself is derived from the Latin ''grossus'' ("thick"). It is cognate with the German ''Groschen'' and Hungarian ''garas''. History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copper-nickel
Cupronickel or copper–nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper with nickel, usually along with small quantities of other metals added for strength, such as iron and manganese. The copper content typically varies from 60 to 90 percent. (Monel is a nickel–copper alloy that contains a minimum of 52 percent nickel.) Despite its high copper content, cupronickel is silver in colour. Cupronickel is highly resistant to corrosion by salt water, and is therefore used for piping, heat exchangers and condensers in seawater systems, as well as for marine hardware. It is sometimes used for the propellers, propeller shafts, and hulls of high-quality boats. Other uses include military equipment and chemical industry, petrochemical industry, and electrical industries. In decorative use, a cupronickel alloy called nickel silver is common, although it contains additional zinc but no silver. Another common 20th-century use of cupronickel was silver-coloured coins. For this use, the typical alloy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William May (pirate)
William Mayes (fl. 1689–1700) was a pirate active in the Indian Ocean. He was best known for taking over William Kidd’s ship ''Blessed William'' and sailing with Henry Every. William Mayes is American, specifically from Rhode Island. History After a time as a buccaneer and privateer in the Nine Years' War, May joined William Kidd's crew in 1689 aboard the ''Blessed William''. Led by Robert Culliford, the crew mutinied against Kidd and voted May as captain, taking several small Spanish vessels in the Caribbean. May sailed to New York, where acting Governor of New York Jacob Leisler granted May a privateering commission versus the French. May attacked French ships, giving a French prize renamed ''Horne Frigate'' to Culliford. After French privateers stole their collected loot, they exchanged the ''Blessed William'' for a prize ship they named ''Jacob'' and sailed to Madagascar in late 1690. After a cruise in the Indian Ocean, May and his quartermasters Culliford and Samuel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ganj-i-Sawai
The ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' ( Persian/ Hindustani:''Ganj-i-Sawai'', in English "Exceeding Treasure", often anglicized as ''Gunsway'') was an armed Ghanjah dhow (trading ship) belonging to the Mughals. During Aurangzeb's reign, it was captured on 7 September 1695 by the English pirate Henry Avery en route from present-day Mocha, Yemen to Surat, India. It was built on the order of Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani, great grandmother of Aurengzeb, after the capture of her ship named '' Rahimi''. Capture by pirates In August 1695, Henry Every, captaining the 46-gun, 5th rate frigate ''Fancy'', reached the Mandab Strait, where he teamed up with five other pirate ships, including Thomas Tew's 8-gun, 46-man sloop-of-war ''Amity'', Richard Want in ''Dolphin'', Joseph Faro in ''Portsmouth Adventure'', Thomas Wake in ''Susannah'', and William Maze in ''Pearl''. Although a Mughal convoy of 25 ships bound for India had eluded the pirate fleet during the night, the following day they en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Denarius
The ''denarius'' (; : ''dēnāriī'', ) was the standard Ancient Rome, Roman silver coin from its introduction in the Second Punic War to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–244), when it was gradually replaced by the ''antoninianus''. It continued to be minted in very small quantities, likely for ceremonial purposes, until and through the Tetrarchy (293–313). The word ''dēnārius'' is derived from the Latin ''dēnī'' "containing ten", as its value was originally of 10 ''As (Roman coin), assēs''.Its value was increased to 16 assēs in the middle of the 2nd century BC. The word for "money" descends from it in Italian (''denaro''), Slovene (''denar''), Portuguese (''dinheiro''), and Spanish (''dinero''). Its name also survives in the dinar currency. Its symbol is represented in Unicode as 𐆖 (U+10196), a numeral monogram that appeared on the obverse in the Republican period, denoting the 10 ''asses'' ("X") to 1 ''denarius'' ("I") conversion rate. However it can also be re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treason Act 1415
The Treason Act 1415 ( 4 Hen. 5. Stat. 1. c. 6) was an act of the Parliament of England which made clipping coins high treason, punishable by death. (The Treason Act 1351 ( 25 Edw. 3 Stat. 5. c. 2) had already made it treason to counterfeit coins.) The act was repealed by the Treason Act 1553 ( 1 Mar. Sess. 1. c. 1), but was revived by the Clipping Coin Act 1562 ( 5 Eliz. 1. c. 11). The act originally only protected English coins, but was later extended by the Coin Act 1575 ( 18 Eliz. 1. c. 1) in 1575 to cover foreign coins " current" within England. By this time the Coin Act 1572 ( 14 Eliz. 1. c. 3) had already made it misprision of treason to clip foreign coins ''not'' current within the Realm. Another act in 1415, the Forgery Act 1415 ( 4 Hen. 5. Stat. 1. c. 7), extended the jurisdiction to try this category of treason to all justices in the realm, instead of just the select few known as the King's justices. The Coin Act 1575 ( 18 Eliz. 1. c. 1) also abolished (f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capital Punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence (law), sentence ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is called a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is ''condemned'' and is commonly referred to as being "on death row". Etymologically, the term ''capital'' (, derived via the Latin ' from ', "head") refers to execution by Decapitation, beheading, but executions are carried out by List of methods of capital punishment, many methods, including hanging, Execution by shooting, shooting, lethal injection, stoning, Electric chair, electrocution, and Gas chamber, gassing. Crimes that are punishable by death are known as ''capital crimes'', ''capital offences'', or ''capital felonies'', and vary depending on the jurisdic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Post Medieval Hoard Of Coin Clippings (FindID 532965)
Post, POST, or posting may refer to: Postal services * Mail, the postal system, especially in Commonwealth of Nations countries **An Post, the Irish national postal service **Canada Post, Canadian postal service **Deutsche Post, German postal service ** Iraqi Post, Iraqi postal service **Russian Post, Russian postal service **Hotel post, a service formerly offered by remote Swiss hotels for the carriage of mail to the nearest official post office **United States Postal Service or USPS **Parcel post, a postal service for mail that is heavier than ordinary letters Work * Post, a job or occupation Newspaper * '' The Manica Post'' Regional newspaper in Manicaland province, Zimbabwe * '' The Rakyat Post'' Malaysian online daily newspaper * ''Bangkok Post'' English language newspaper in Thailand Architecture and structures * Lamppost, a raised source of light on the edge of a road *Post (structural), timber framing * Post and lintel, a building system * Scratch post * Steel fen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
17th Century Coin Clipping Shears
17 (seventeen) is the natural number following 16 and preceding 18. It is a prime number. 17 was described at MIT as "the least random number", according to the Jargon File. This is supposedly because, in a study where respondents were asked to choose a random number from 1 to 20, 17 was the most common choice. This study has been repeated a number of times. Mathematics 17 is a Leyland number and Leyland prime, using 2 & 3 (23 + 32) and using 4 and 5, using 3 & 4 (34 - 43). 17 is a Fermat prime. 17 is one of six lucky numbers of Euler. Since seventeen is a Fermat prime, regular heptadecagons can be constructed with a compass and unmarked ruler. This was proven by Carl Friedrich Gauss and ultimately led him to choose mathematics over philology for his studies. The minimum possible number of givens for a sudoku puzzle with a unique solution is 17. Geometric properties Two-dimensions *There are seventeen crystallographic space groups in two dimensions. These are some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
