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Cyclopropane Group
Cyclopropanes are a family of organic compounds containing the cyclopropyl group. The parent is cyclopropane (). Synthesis and reactions Most cyclopropanes are not prepared from the parent cyclopropane, which is somewhat inert. Instead, yclopropyl groups are often prepared by cyclization of 1,3-difunctional alkanes. An example of the former, cyclopropyl cyanide is prepared by the reaction of 4- chlorobutyronitrile with a strong base. Phenylcyclopropane is produced analogously from the 1,3-dibromide. A second major route to cyclopropanes entails addition of methylene (or its substituted derivatives) to an alkene, a process called cyclopropanation. Substituted cyclopropanes undergo the reactions associated with the cyclopropyl ring or the substituents. Vinylcyclopropanes are a special case as they undergo vinylcyclopropane rearrangement. Simple substituted cyclopropanes * Chlorocyclopropane * Cyclopropane carboxylic acid * Cyclopropyl amine *Cyclopropyl cyanide * Cyclopropanol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane ) and its derivatives are universally considered organic, but many others are sometimes considered inorganic, such as certain compounds of carbon with nitrogen and oxygen (e.g. cyanide ion , hydrogen cyanide , chloroformic acid , carbon dioxide , and carbonate ion ). Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, and even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclopropyl Amine
Aminocyclopropane is the organic compound with the formula . It is a simple amine derivative of cyclopropane. As a precursor to pesticides and pharmaceuticals, it is produced on a multi-ton scale from the carboxamide. Cyclopropylamines Many aminocyclopropanes are known, most prominently the amino acid aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The cyclopropylamine group is featured in several pharmaceutical drugs: *Simeprevir, used to treat hepatitis C infections *Risdiplam, used to treat spinal muscular atrophy *ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic. Cyclopropylamines can be prepared by the Kulinkovich reaction, by dialkylation of bromonitromethane, and various cyclopropanation In organic chemistry, cyclopropanation refers to any chemical process which generates cyclopropane () Ring (chemistry), rings. It is an important process in modern chemistry as many useful compounds bear this motif; for example pyrethroid insectic ...s.{{cite journal, doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00166 , title=Selective ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclopropane Fatty Acid
Cyclopropane fatty acids (CPA) are a subgroup of fatty acids that contain a cyclopropane group. Although they are usually rare, the seed oil from lychee contains nearly 40% CPAs in the form of triglycerides. Biosynthesis CPAs are derived from unsaturated fatty acids by cyclopropanation. The methylene donor is a methyl group on S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The conversion is catalyzed by cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase. The mechanism is proposed to involve transfer of a CH3+ group from SAM to the alkene, followed by deprotonation of the newly attached methyl group and ring closure. Cyclopropene fatty acids Cycloprop''e''ne fatty acids are even rarer molecules. The best-known examples are malvalic acid and sterculic acid. A triglyceride made of 3 sterculic acid molecules esterified with glycerol is present in ''Sterculia foetida'' seed oil (in amounts greater than 60%) and at low levels in the seed oil of other species of Malvaceae (~12%), cottonseed oil (~1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insecticide
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. The major use of insecticides is in agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden settings, industrial buildings, for vector control, and control of insect parasites of animals and humans. Acaricides, which kill mites and ticks, are not strictly insecticides, but are usually classified together with insecticides. Some insecticides (including common bug sprays) are effective against other non-insect arthropods as well, such as scorpions, spiders, etc. Insecticides are distinct from insect repellents, which repel but do not kill. Sales In 2016 insecticides were estimated to account for 18% of worldwide pesticide sales. Worldwide sales of insecticides in 2018 were estimated as $ 18.4 billion, of which 25% were neonicotinoids, 17% were pyrethroids, 13% were diamides, and the rest were many other classes which sold for less th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrethroid
A pyrethroid is an organic compound similar to the natural pyrethrins, which are produced by the flowers of pyrethrums (''Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium'' and ''Chrysanthemum coccineum, C. coccineum''). Pyrethroids are used as commercial and household insecticides. In household concentrations pyrethroids are generally harmless to humans. However, pyrethroids are toxic to insects such as bees, dragonflies, mayflies, Horse-fly, gadflies, and some other invertebrates, including those that constitute the base of aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Pyrethroids are toxic to aquatic organisms, especially fish.Pyrethroids fact sheet from the Illinois Department of Public Health. They have been shown to be an effective control measure for malaria outbreaks, through indoor applications. ...
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Ethylene (plant Hormone)
Ethylene (=) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon gas (alkene) acting as a naturally occurring plant hormone. It is the simplest alkene gas and is the first gas known to act as a hormone. It acts at trace levels throughout the life of the plant by stimulating or regulating the ripening of fruit, the opening of flowers, the abscission (or shedding) of leaves and, in aquatic and semi-aquatic species, promoting the 'escape' from submergence by means of rapid elongation of stems or leaves. This escape response is particularly important in rice farming. Commercial fruit-ripening rooms use "catalytic generators" to make ethylene gas from a liquid supply of ethanol. Typically, a gassing level of 500 to 2,000 ppm is used, for 24 to 48 hours. Care must be taken to control carbon dioxide levels in ripening rooms when gassing, as high temperature ripening () has been seen to produce CO2 levels of 10% in 24 hours. History Ethylene has a long history of use in agriculture. Ancient Egyptians would gas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a cyclopropane ring is fused to the C atom of the amino acid. It is a white solid. Many cyclopropane-substituted amino acids are known, but this one occurs naturally. Like glycine, but unlike most α-amino acids, ACC is not chiral. Biochemistry ACC is the precursor to the plant hormone ethylene. It is synthesized by the enzyme ACC synthase () from methionine and converted to ethylene by ACC oxidase (). ACC also exhibits ethylene-independent signaling that plays a critical role in pollination and seed production by activating proteins similar to those involved in nervous system responses in humans and animals. More specifically, ACC signaling promotes secretion of the pollen tube chemoattractant LURE1.2 in ovular sporophytic tissue thus enhancing pollen tube attraction. Additionally, ACC activates Ca2+-containing ion currents via glutamate receptor-like (GLR) channels in root pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmaceutical Drug
Medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal product, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on pharmacy for appropriate management. Drugs are classified in many ways. One of the key divisions is by level of control, which distinguishes prescription drugs (those that a pharmacist dispenses only on the medical prescription) from over-the-counter drugs (those that consumers can order for themselves). Medicines may be classified by mode of action, route of administration, biological system affected, or therapeutic effects. The World Health Organization keeps a list of essential medicines. Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors undertaken by pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments. As ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biomolecule
A biomolecule or biological molecule is loosely defined as a molecule produced by a living organism and essential to one or more typically biological processes. Biomolecules include large macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as small molecules such as vitamins and hormones. A general name for this class of material is ''biological materials''. Biomolecules are an important element of living organisms. They are often endogeny (biology), endogenous, i.e. produced within the organism, but organisms usually also need exogeny, exogenous biomolecules, for example certain nutrients, to survive. Biomolecules and their organic reaction, reactions are studied in biology and its subfields of biochemistry and molecular biology. Most biomolecules are organic compounds, and just four chemical element, elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—make up 96% of the human body's mass. But many other elements, such as the various biometal (b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclopropanol
Cyclopropanol is an organic compound with the chemical formula C3H6O. It contains a cyclopropyl group with a hydroxyl group attached to it. The compound is highly unstable due to the three-membered ring, and is susceptible to reactions that open the ring. It is highly prone to rearrangement, undergoing structural isomerization to form propanal. This property is useful synthetically: cyclopropanol can be used as a synthon for the homoenolate of propanal. The chemical is also useful as a reagent to introduce a cyclopropyl group into ester, sulfate, and amine linkages. The resulting cyclopropyl-containing compounds have been used in investigations of potential antiviral drugs and of modulators of protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ... trafficking. References {{ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclopropyl Cyanide
Cyclopropyl cyanide is an organic compound consisting of a nitrile group as a substituent on a cyclopropane ring. It is the smallest cyclic compound containing a nitrile. Structure The structure of cyclopropyl cyanide has been determined by a variety of experiments, including microwave spectroscopy, rotational spectroscopy and photodissociation. In 1958, cyclopropyl cyanide was first studied for its rotational spectra, by Friend and Dailey. An additional experiment involving cyclopropyl cyanide was the determination of the molecular dipole moment through spectroscopy experiments, by Carvalho in 1967. Production Cyclopropyl cyanide is prepared by the reaction of 4- chlorobutyronitrile with a strong base, such as sodium amide in liquid ammonia. Reactions Hydrolysis gives cyclopropane carboxylic acid]. Cyclopropyl cyanide, when heated to 660-760K and under pressure of 2-89torr, becomes cis and trans crotonitrile and allyl cyanide Allyl cyanide is an organic compound with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
