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Cryptographic Protocol
A cryptographic protocol is an abstract or concrete Communications protocol, protocol that performs a information security, security-related function and applies cryptographic methods, often as sequences of cryptographic primitives. A protocol describes how the algorithms should be used and includes details about data structures and representations, at which point it can be used to implement multiple, interoperable versions of a program. Cryptographic protocols are widely used for secure application-level data transport. A cryptographic protocol usually incorporates at least some of these aspects: * Key agreement or establishment * Entity authentication * Symmetric encryption and message authentication key (cryptography), material construction * Secured application-level data transport * Non-repudiation methods * Secret sharing methods * Secure multi-party computation For example, Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol that is used to secure web (HTTPS) conne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communications Protocol
A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any variation of a physical quantity. The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics (computer science), semantics, and synchronization of communication and possible Error detection and correction, error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by Computer hardware, hardware, software, or a combination of both. Communicating systems use well-defined formats for exchanging various messages. Each message has an exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of possible responses predetermined for that particular situation. The specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be Implementation, implemented. Communication protocols have to be agreed upon by the parties involved. To reach an agreement, a protocol may be developed into a technical standard. A programming language describes the same for computations, so there ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ď-calculus
In theoretical computer science, the -calculus (or pi-calculus) is a process calculus. The -calculus allows channel names to be communicated along the channels themselves, and in this matter, it is able to describe concurrent computations whose network configuration may change during the computation. The -calculus has few terms and is a small, yet expressive language (see ). Functional programs can be encoded into the -calculus, and the encoding emphasises the dialogue nature of computation, drawing connections with game semantics. Extensions of the -calculus, such as the spi calculus and applied , have been successful in reasoning about cryptographic protocols. Beside the original use in describing concurrent systems, the -calculus has also been used to reason through business processes,OMG Specification (2011)"Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) Version 2.0" ''Object Management Group''. p.21 molecular biology. and autonomous agents in artificial intelligence. Inform ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DolevâYao Model
The DolevâYao model, named after its authors Danny Dolev and Andrew Yao, is a formal model used to prove properties of interactive cryptographic protocols. The network The network is represented by a set of abstract machines that can exchange messages. These messages consist of formal terms. These terms reveal some of the internal structure of the messages, but some parts will hopefully remain opaque to the adversary. The adversary The adversary in this model can overhear, intercept, and synthesize any message and is only limited by the constraints of the cryptographic methods used. In other words: "the attacker carries the message." This omnipotence has been very difficult to model, and many threat models simplify it, as has been done for the attacker in ubiquitous computing. The algebraic model Cryptographic primitives are modeled by abstract operators. For example, asymmetric encryption for a user x is represented by the encryption function E_x and the decryption ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BurrowsâAbadiâNeedham Logic
BurrowsâAbadiâNeedham logic (also known as the BAN logic) is a set of rules for defining and analyzing information exchange protocols. Specifically, BAN logic helps its users determine whether exchanged information is trustworthy, secured against eavesdropping, or both. BAN logic starts with the assumption that all information exchanges happen on media vulnerable to tampering and public monitoring. This has evolved into the popular security mantra, "Don't trust the network." A typical BAN logic sequence includes three steps: # Verification of message origin # Verification of message freshness # Verification of the origin's trustworthiness. BAN logic uses postulates and definitions â like all axiomatic systems â to analyze authentication Authentication (from ''authentikos'', "real, genuine", from Îąá˝Î¸ÎνĎÎˇĎ ''authentes'', "author") is the act of proving an Logical assertion, assertion, such as the Digital identity, identity of a computer system user. In contrast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formal Verification
In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification is a key incentive for formal specification of systems, and is at the core of formal methods. It represents an important dimension of analysis and verification in electronic design automation and is one approach to software verification. The use of formal verification enables the highest Evaluation Assurance Level ( EAL7) in the framework of common criteria for computer security certification. Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code in a programming language. Prominent examples of verified software systems include the CompCert verified C compiler and the seL ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anonymous Re-mailer
Anonymous may refer to: * Anonymity, the state of an individual's identity, or personally identifiable information, being publicly unknown ** Anonymous work, a work of art or literature that has an unnamed or unknown creator or author * Anonymity (social choice), a property of a voting rule, saying that it does not discriminate apriori between voters Organizations * Anonymous (hacker group), the collective name of loosely affiliated individuals who participate in hacktivism Film and television * "Anonymous" (''Australian Playhouse''), an Australian television play * ''Anonymous'' (film), a 2011 film * ''Anonymous'' (TV series), a 2006 Irish television show * "Anonymous" (''CSI''), a 2000 episode of ''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' * "Anonymous" (''NCIS: Los Angeles''), a 2010 episode of ''NCIS: Los Angeles'' Music * Anonymous (band), an Andorran band * ''Anonymous'' (Blackbear album) (2019) * ''Anonymous'' (Stray from the Path album) (2013) * ''Anonymous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deniable Encryption
In cryptography and steganography, plausibly deniable encryption describes encryption techniques where the existence of an encrypted file or message is deniable in the sense that an adversary cannot prove that the plaintext data exists. The users may convincingly deny that a given piece of data is encrypted, or that they are able to decrypt a given piece of encrypted data, or that some specific encrypted data exists. Such denials may or may not be genuine. For example, it may be impossible to prove that the data is encrypted without the cooperation of the users. If the data is encrypted, the users genuinely may not be able to decrypt it. Deniable encryption serves to undermine an attacker's confidence either that data is encrypted, or that the person in possession of it can decrypt it and provide the associated plaintext. In their pivotal 1996 paper, Ran Canetti, Cynthia Dwork, Moni Naor, and Rafail Ostrovsky introduced the concept of deniable encryption, a cryptographic br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Undeniable Signature
An undeniable signature is a digital signature scheme which allows the signer to be selective to whom they allow to verify signatures. The scheme adds explicit signature repudiation, preventing a signer later refusing to verify a signature by omission; a situation that would devalue the signature in the eyes of the verifier. It was invented by David Chaum and Hans van Antwerpen in 1989. Overview In this scheme, a signer possessing a private key can publish a signature of a message. However, the signature reveals nothing to a recipient/verifier of the message and signature without taking part in either of two interactive protocols: * Confirmation protocol, which confirms that a candidate is a valid signature of the message issued by the signer, identified by the public key. * Disavowal protocol, which confirms that a candidate is not a valid signature of the message issued by the signer. The motivation for the scheme is to allow the signer to choose to whom signatures are verifie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E-voting
Electronic voting is voting that uses electronic means to either aid or handle casting and counting ballots including voting time. Depending on the particular implementation, e-voting may use standalone '' electronic voting machines'' (also called EVM) or computers connected to the Internet (online voting). It may encompass a range of Internet services, from basic transmission of tabulated results to full-function online voting through common connectable household devices. The degree of automation may be limited to marking a paper ballot, or may be a comprehensive system of vote input, vote recording, data encryption and transmission to servers, and consolidation and tabulation of election results. A worthy e-voting system must perform most of these tasks while complying with a set of standards established by regulatory bodies, and must also be capable to deal successfully with strong requirements associated with security, accuracy, speed, privacy, auditability, accessib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Auditable Voting Systems
End-to-end auditable or end-to-end voter verifiable (E2E) systems are voting systems with stringent integrity properties and strong tamper resistance. E2E systems use cryptographic techniques to provide voters with receipts that allow them to verify their votes were counted as cast, without revealing which candidates a voter supported to an external party. As such, these systems are sometimes called receipt-based systems. Overview Electronic voting systems arrive at their final vote totals by a series of steps: # voters cast ballots either electronically or manually, # cast vote records are tallied to generate totals, # where elections are conducted locally, such as at the precinct or county level, the results from each level are combined to produce the final tally. Classical approaches to election integrity focus on ensuring the security of each step individually, going from voter intent to the final total. Such approaches have generally fallen out of favor with distribu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
