|
Crotyl Alcohol
Crotyl alcohol, or crotonyl alcohol, is an unsaturated alcohol. It is a colourless liquid that is moderately soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents. Two isomers of this alcohol exist, cis and trans. It can be synthesized by the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. The compound is of little commercial interest.. See also * Crotyl *Allyl alcohol *Crotonaldehyde *Crotonic acid Crotonic acid ((2''E'')-but-2-enoic acid) is a short-chain unsaturated carboxylic acid described by the formula CH3CH=CHCO2H. The name crotonic acid was given because it was erroneously thought to be a saponification product of croton oil. It cr ... References Primary alcohols Alkene derivatives Crotyl compounds {{alcohol-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merck Index
''The Merck Index'' is an encyclopedia of chemical substance, chemicals, pharmaceutical drug, drugs and biomolecule, biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related chemical compound, compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry. History The first edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Merck Group, Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations and made it a separate American "Merck" company that continued to publish the Merck Index. In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an append ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saturated And Unsaturated Compounds
A saturated compound is a chemical compound (or ion) that resists addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidative addition, and the binding of a Lewis acids and bases, Lewis base. The term is used in many contexts and classes of chemical compounds. Overall, saturated compounds are less reactive than unsaturated compounds. Saturation is derived from the Latin word ''saturare'', meaning 'to fill'.An unsaturated compound is also a chemical compound (or ion) that attracts reduction reactions, such as dehydrogenation,oxidative reduction Organic chemistry Generally distinct types of unsaturated organic compounds are recognized. For hydrocarbons: *alkene (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated) *alkyne (unsaturated) vs alkane (saturated) *arene (unsaturated) vs cycloalkane (saturated) For organic compounds containing heteroatoms (other than C and H), the list of unsaturated groups is long but some common types are: *carbonyl, e.g. ketones, aldehydes, esters, carboxylic acids (unsatura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alcohols
In chemistry, an alcohol (), is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of Hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons, conferring Hydrophile, hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur. History The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus (–287 BCE), and Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, J� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. The process is commonly employed to redox, reduce or Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturate organic compounds. Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, often an alkene. Catalysts are required for the reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high temperatures. Hydrogenation reduces Double bond, double and Triple bond, triple bonds in hydrocarbons. Process Hydrogenation has three components, the Saturated and unsaturated compounds, unsaturated substrate, the hydrogen (or hydrogen source) and, invariably, a catalyst. The redox, reduction reaction is carried out at different temperatures and pressures depending upon the substrate and the activity of the catalyst. Related or competing reactions The same cataly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crotonaldehyde
Crotonaldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula CH3CH=CHCHO. The compound is usually sold as a mixture of the ''E''- and ''Z''-isomers, which differ with respect to the relative position of the methyl and formyl groups. The ''E''-isomer is more common (data given in Table is for the ''E''-isomer). This lachrymatory liquid is moderately soluble in water and miscible in organic solvents. As an unsaturated aldehyde, crotonaldehyde is a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis. It occurs in a variety of foodstuffs, e.g. soybean oils. Production and reactivity Crotonaldehyde is produced by the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde: :2 CH3CHO → CH3CH=CHCHO + H2O Crotonaldehyde is a multifunctional molecule that exhibits diverse reactivity. It is a prochiral dienophile. It is a Michael acceptor. Addition of methylmagnesium chloride produces 3-penten-2-ol. Uses It is a precursor to many fine chemicals. A prominent industrial example is the crossed aldol condensation w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crotyl
A crotyl group is an organic functional group with the formula . Systematically, it is called a but-2-en-1-yl group and exhibits geometric isomerism, being either ''cis'' (''Z'') or ''trans'' (''E''). There are many simple compounds in which the crotyl group forms base carbon chain: crotyl alcohol, crotonaldehyde, crotonic acid, and crotyl acrylate are examples. Synthesis of (crotyl anions) can be synthesised from 2-butene (either isomer): this reaction must be performed in the presence of organometallic reagents, as a base, usually alkyl lithium, or any alkylates of ''s''-block metals, in a solvent, typically THF, and at low temperatures, generally below -20 °C. The negative charge is delocalised over three of the carbon atoms of the group and there is resonance between the two possible delocalised forms (one for each terminal carbon). Crotylation reactions Crotylation readily occurs with alkoxy boronates to form . are useful reagents in the formation of crotyl a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allyl Alcohol
Allyl alcohol (IUPAC name: prop-2-en-1-ol) is an organic compound with the structural formula . Like many alcohols, it is a water-soluble, colourless liquid. It is more toxic than typical small alcohols. Allyl alcohol is used as a precursor to many specialized compounds such as flame-resistant materials, drying oils, and plasticizers. Allyl alcohol is the smallest representative of the allylic alcohols. Production Allyl alcohol is produced commercially by the Olin and Shell corporations through the hydrolysis of allyl chloride: : Allyl alcohol can also be made by the rearrangement of propylene oxide, a reaction that is catalyzed by potassium alum at high temperature. The advantage of this method relative to the allyl chloride route is that it does not generate salt. Also avoiding chloride-containing intermediates is the "acetoxylation" of propylene to allyl acetate: : Hydrolysis of this acetate gives allyl alcohol. In alternative fashion, propylene can be oxidized to acrole ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crotonaldehyde
Crotonaldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula CH3CH=CHCHO. The compound is usually sold as a mixture of the ''E''- and ''Z''-isomers, which differ with respect to the relative position of the methyl and formyl groups. The ''E''-isomer is more common (data given in Table is for the ''E''-isomer). This lachrymatory liquid is moderately soluble in water and miscible in organic solvents. As an unsaturated aldehyde, crotonaldehyde is a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis. It occurs in a variety of foodstuffs, e.g. soybean oils. Production and reactivity Crotonaldehyde is produced by the aldol condensation of acetaldehyde: :2 CH3CHO → CH3CH=CHCHO + H2O Crotonaldehyde is a multifunctional molecule that exhibits diverse reactivity. It is a prochiral dienophile. It is a Michael acceptor. Addition of methylmagnesium chloride produces 3-penten-2-ol. Uses It is a precursor to many fine chemicals. A prominent industrial example is the crossed aldol condensation w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crotonic Acid
Crotonic acid ((2''E'')-but-2-enoic acid) is a short-chain unsaturated carboxylic acid described by the formula CH3CH=CHCO2H. The name crotonic acid was given because it was erroneously thought to be a saponification product of croton oil. It crystallizes as colorless needles from hot water. With a ''cis''-alkene, Isocrotonic acid is an isomer of crotonic acid. Crotonic acid is soluble in water and many organic solvents. Its odor is similar to that of butyric acid. Production Crotonic acid produced industrially by oxidation of crotonaldehyde: : A number of other methods exist, including the Knoevenagel condensation of acetaldehyde with malonic acid in pyridine: : The alkaline hydrolysis of allyl cyanide followed by the intramolecular rearrangement of the double bond: : Furthermore, it is formed during the distillation of 3-hydroxybutyric acid: : Properties Crotonic acid crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system in the space group P21/a (space group 14, position 3) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primary Alcohols
A primary alcohol is an Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol in which the hydroxy group is bonded to a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. In contrast, a secondary alcohol has a formula “–CHROH” and a tertiary alcohol has a formula “–CR2OH”, where “R” indicates a carbon-containing group. Examples of primary alcohols include ethanol, 1-propanol, and n-Butanol, 1-butanol. Methanol is also generally regarded as a primary alcohol, including by the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. See also * Alcohol (chemistry), Alcohol (especially Nomenclature section for discussion on Secondary and Tertiary alcohols.) * Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids References Primary alcohols, {{organic-chem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkene Derivatives
In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond. The double bond may be internal or at the terminal position. Terminal alkenes are also known as α-olefins. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommends using the name "alkene" only for acyclic hydrocarbons with just one double bond; alkadiene, alkatriene, etc., or polyene for acyclic hydrocarbons with two or more double bonds; cycloalkene, cycloalkadiene, etc. for cyclic ones; and "olefin" for the general class – cyclic or acyclic, with one or more double bonds. Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups (also known as mono-enes) form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula with ''n'' being a >1 natural number (which is two hydrogens less than the corresponding alkane). When ''n'' is four or more, isomers are possible, distinguished by the position and conformation of the double bond. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
