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Constitution Of New Zealand
The constitution of New Zealand is the sum of law of New Zealand, laws and principles that determine the political governance of New Zealand. Unlike many other nations, New Zealand has no single constitutional document. It is an uncodified constitution, sometimes referred to as an "unwritten constitution", although the New Zealand constitution is in fact an amalgamation of codification (law), written and unwritten sources. The Constitution Act 1986 has a central role, alongside a collection of other Lists of statutes of New Zealand, statutes, orders in Council, Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand, letters patent, decisions of the Judiciary of New Zealand, courts, principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and unwritten traditions and Constitutional convention (political custom), conventions. There is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered "constitutional law"; no law is accorded basic norm, higher status. In most cases ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of New Zealand
The law of New Zealand uses the English common law system, inherited from being a part of the British Empire. There are several sources of law, the primary ones being Lists of statutes of New Zealand, acts enacted by the New Zealand Parliament and case law made by decisions of the courts of New Zealand. At a more fundamental level, the law of New Zealand is based on three related principles: parliamentary sovereignty; the rule of law; and the separation of powers. History Pre-European law Before colonisation by the British Empire, British, Māori people, Māori customary law (Tikanga Māori, tikanga) would have served as rule of law for most tribes. The first mention of New Zealand in British statutes is in the Murders Abroad Act 1817, which clarified that New Zealand was not a British colony (despite being claimed by Captain Cook) and "not within His Majesty's dominions". Treaty of Waitangi The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840. Although the treaty had never been inco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Referendums In New Zealand
Referendums (or referenda) are held only occasionally by the Government of New Zealand. Referendums may be government-initiated or held in accordance with the Electoral Act 1993 or the Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993. Nineteen referendums have been held so far (excluding referendums on alcohol licensing, which were held triennially between 1894 and 1989); fourteen were government-led, and five were indicative citizen initiatives. Government referendums The government of New Zealand may, at any time, call for a referendum on any issue. This requires enabling legislation to determine whether the outcome will be binding on the government or merely indicative. This allows parliamentary scrutiny of the issue and wording of the question. There is no constraint on whether an issue is to be decided by the New Zealand Parliament or by the public, except for where the reserved provisions of the Electoral Act 1993 are engagedSection 268of the Electoral Act 1993 protects some of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victoria University Of Wellington
Victoria University of Wellington (), also known by its shorter names "VUW" or "Vic", is a public university, public research university in Wellington, New Zealand. It was established in 1897 by Act of New Zealand Parliament, Parliament, and was a constituent college of the University of New Zealand. The university is well known for its programmes in law, the humanities, and some scientific disciplines, and offers a broad range of other courses. Entry to all courses at first year is open, and entry to second year in some programmes (e.g. law, criminology, creative writing, architecture, engineering) is restricted. Victoria had the highest average research grade in the New Zealand Government's Performance-Based Research Fund, Performance Based Research Fund exercise in both 2012 and 2018, having been ranked 4th in 2006 and 3rd in 2003. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unicameral
Unicameralism (from ''uni''- "one" + Latin ''camera'' "chamber") is a type of legislature consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one. Unicameralism has become an increasingly common type of legislature, making up nearly 60% of all national legislatures and an even greater share of subnational legislatures. Sometimes, as in New Zealand and Denmark, unicameralism comes about through the abolition of one of two bicameral chambers, or, as in Sweden, through the merger of the two chambers into a single one, while in others a second chamber has never existed from the beginning. Rationale for unicameralism and criticism The principal advantage of a unicameral system is more efficient lawmaking, as the legislative process is simpler and there is no possibility of gridlock (politics), deadlock between two chambers. Proponents of unicameralism have also argued that it reduces costs, even if the number of legislators stays the same, since there are fewer instituti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Westminster Model
The Westminster system, or Westminster model, is a type of parliamentary system, parliamentary government that incorporates a series of Parliamentary procedure, procedures for operating a legislature, first developed in England. Key aspects of the system include an executive branch made up of members of the legislature which is responsible government, responsible to the legislature; the presence of parliamentary opposition parties; and a ceremonial head of state who is separate from the head of government. The term derives from the Palace of Westminster, which has been the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Westminster Parliament in England and later the United Kingdom since the 13th century. The Westminster system is often contrasted with the presidential system that originated in the United States, or with the semi-presidential system, based on the government of France. The Westminster system is used, or was once used, in the national and Administrative division, su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Zealand House Of Representatives
The House of Representatives () is the Unicameral, sole chamber of the New Zealand Parliament. The House passes Law of New Zealand, laws, provides Ministers in the New Zealand Government, ministers to form the Cabinet of New Zealand, Cabinet, and supervises the work of government. It is also responsible for adopting the state's New Zealand Budget, budgets and approving the state's accounts. The House of Representatives is a Representative democracy, democratic body consisting of representatives known as members of parliament (MPs). There are normally 120 MPs, though there are currently 123 due to an Overhang seat, overhang. Elections in New Zealand, Elections take place usually every three years using a mixed-member proportional representation system, which combines First-past-the-post voting, first-past-the-post elected legislative seat, seats with closed party lists. 72 MPs are elected directly in single-member New Zealand electorates, electoral districts and further seats ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministers In The New Zealand Government
Ministers () in the New Zealand Government are members of Parliament (MPs) who hold ministerial warrants from the Crown to perform certain functions of government. This includes formulating and implementing policies and advising the governor-general. Ministers collectively make up the executive branch of the New Zealand state. The governor-general is obliged to follow the advice of the prime minister on the appointment and dismissal of ministers. Most ministers are members of Cabinet, and all ministers, including those outside Cabinet, serve concurrently as councillors of the Executive Council of New Zealand. These executives are also formally titled "ministers of the Crown", as in other Commonwealth realms. Terminology "Minister of the Crown" () is the formal title used in Commonwealth realms to describe a minister of the reigning sovereign or governor-general. The legal term "the Crown" vaguely refers to both the sovereign and the state, the latter encompassing the branche ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governor-General Of New Zealand
The governor-general of New Zealand () is the representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently King Charles III. As the King is concurrently the monarch of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in the United Kingdom, he, on the Advice (constitutional), advice of his New Zealand prime minister, appoints a governor-general to carry out his constitutional and ceremonial duties within New Zealand. Governors-general typically serve a five-year term of office, subject to a possible short extension, though they formally serve "At His Majesty's pleasure, at the monarch's pleasure". The incumbent governor-general is Dame Cindy Kiro, since 21 October 2021. Administrative support for the governor-general is provided by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (New Zealand), Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Constitutional functions include presiding over the Executive Council of New Zealand, Executive Council, appointing Ministers in the New Zealand Government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Realm Of New Zealand
The Realm of New Zealand is the area over which the monarch of New Zealand is head of state. The realm is not a federation but is a collection of states and territories united under its monarch. New Zealand is an independent and sovereign state that has one territorial claim in Antarctica (the Ross Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (the Cook Islands and Niue). The Realm of New Zealand encompasses the three autonomous jurisdictions of New Zealand, the Cook Islands, and Niue. The Ross Dependency has no permanent inhabitants, while Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue have indigenous populations. The United Nations formally classifies Tokelau as a non-self-governing territory; the Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing. The governor-general of New Zealand represents the monarch throughout the Realm of New Zealand, though the Cook Islands have an additional king's representative. The four states and territories form an informal currenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Head Of State
A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state.#Foakes, Foakes, pp. 110–11 "[The head of state] being an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of state depends on the country's form of government and any separation of powers; the powers of the office in each country range from being also the head of government to being little more than a ceremonial figurehead. In a parliamentary system, such as Politics of India, India or the Politics of the United Kingdom, United Kingdom, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However, in some parliamentary systems, like Politics of South Africa, South Africa, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example Politics of Morocco, Moro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monarch Of New Zealand
The monarchy of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of New Zealand. The current monarch is King Charles III, who has reigned since 8 September 2022. The Treaty of Waitangi between Queen Victoria and Māori chiefs () was nominally agreed on 6 February 1840. The substantive agreement debated, discussed and signed on 6 February 1840 is expressed in te Tiriti o Waitangi - an agreement written in te Reo Māori. The English text - the Treaty of Waitangi - is considered by some to have laid the foundation for the proclamation of British sovereignty over New Zealand on 21 May 1840, because, in that text, the Crown promises itself Sovereignty in article 1. According to this perspective and in reliance on the English text alone which was not signed on 6 February 1840, the British monarch became New Zealand's head of state at that time. Te Tiriti o Waitangi does not cede Sovereignty and therefore does n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliamentary Democracy
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the legislature, to which they are held accountable. This head of government is usually, but not always, distinct from a ceremonial head of state. This is in contrast to a presidential system, which features a president who is not fully accountable to the legislature, and cannot be replaced by a simple majority vote. Countries with parliamentary systems may be constitutional monarchies, where a monarch is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a member of parliament, or parliamentary republics, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is from the legislature. In a few countries, the head of government is also head of state but is elected by the legislature. In bicameral parliam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
