Confederate Effect
The confederate effect is the phenomenon of people falsely classifying human intelligence as machine (or artificial) intelligence during Turing tests. For example, in the Loebner Prize during which a tester conducts a text exchange with one human and one artificial intelligence, artificial-intelligence chatbot and is tasked to identify which is which, the confederate effect describes the tester inaccurately identifying the human as the machine. The confederate effect is the reverse of the ELIZA effect, which Sherry Turkle states is humans' "more general tendency to treat responsive computer programs as more intelligent than they really are": that is, anthropomorphism, anthropomorphizing. The phenomenon was seen in the University of Surrey 2003 Loebner Prize for Artificial Intelligence, when both confederate (tested) humans, one male and one female, were each ranked as machine by at least one judge. More precisely, Judge 7 and Judge 9 ranked the female 'Confederate 2' as "1.00=def ...
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Turing Test
The Turing test, originally called the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation was a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel, such as a computer keyboard and screen, so the result would not