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Clinical Prediction Rule
A clinical prediction rule or clinical probability assessment specifies how to use medical signs, symptoms, and other findings to estimate the probability of a specific disease or clinical outcome. Physicians have difficulty in estimated risks of diseases; frequently erring towards overestimation, perhaps due to cognitive biases such as base rate fallacy in which the risk of an adverse outcome is exaggerated. Methods In a prediction rule study, investigators identify a consecutive group of patients who are suspected of having a specific disease or outcome. The investigators then obtain a standard set of clinical observations on each patient and a test or clinical follow-up to define the true state of the patient. They then use statistical methods to identify the best clinical predictors of the patient's true state. The probability of disease will depend on the patient's key clinical predictors. Published methodological standards specify good practices for developing a clinical p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medical Sign
Signs and symptoms are diagnostic indications of an illness, injury, or condition. Signs are objective and externally observable; symptoms are a person's reported subjective experiences. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormality showing on a medical scan. A symptom is something out of the ordinary that is experienced by an individual such as feeling feverish, a headache or other pains in the body, which occur as the body's immune system fights off an infection. Signs and symptoms Signs A medical sign is an objective observable indication of a disease, injury, or medical condition that may be detected during a physical examination. These signs may be visible, such as a rash or bruise, or otherwise detectable such as by using a stethoscope or taking blood pressure. Medical signs, along with symptoms, help in forming a diagnosis. Some examples of signs are nail clubbing of either the fingernails o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abbreviated Injury Scale
The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an anatomical-based coding system created by the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine to classify and describe the severity of injuries. It represents the threat to life associated with the injury rather than the comprehensive assessment of the severity of the injury. AIS is one of the most common anatomic scales for traumatic injuries. History The first version of the scale was published in 1969John D. States: The Abbreviated and the Comprehensive Research Injury Scales. In: STAPP Car Crash Journal. 13, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York 1969, ISSN 1532-8546, S. 282–294, LCCN 67-22372. with major updates in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1998, 2005, 2008 and 2015. Scale The score describes three aspects of the injury using seven numbers written as 12(34)(56).7 *Type *Location *Severity Each number signifies *1- body region *2- type of anatomical structure *3,4- specific anatomical structure *5,6- level *7- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Health Informatics
Health informatics combines communications, information technology (IT), and health care to enhance patient care and is at the forefront of the medical technological revolution. It can be viewed as a branch of engineering and applied science. The health domain provides an extremely wide variety of problems that can be tackled using computational techniques. Health informatics is a spectrum of multidisciplinary fields that includes study of the design, development, and application of computational innovations to improve health care. The disciplines involved combine healthcare fields with computing fields, in particular computer engineering, software engineering, information engineering, bioinformatics, bio-inspired computing, theoretical computer science, information systems, data science, information technology, autonomic computing, and behavior informatics. In the healthcare industry, health informatics has provided such technological solutions as telemedicine, surgi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revised Trauma Score
The Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is a physiologic scoring system based on the initial vital signs of a patient. A lower score indicates a higher severity of injury. Use in triage The Revised Trauma Score is made up of three categories: Glasgow Coma Scale, systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate. The score range is 0–12. In START triage In medicine, triage (, ; ) is a process by which care providers such as Health professional, medical professionals and those with first aid knowledge determine the order of priority for providing treatment to injured individuals and/or inform th ..., a patient with an RTS score of 12 is labeled delayed, 11 is urgent, and 3–10 is immediate. Those who have an RTS below 3 are declared dead and should not receive certain care because they are highly unlikely to survive without a significant amount of resources. Scoring The score is as follows: These three scores (Glasgow Coma Scale, Systolic Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate) are then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pittsburgh Knee Rules
The Pittsburgh knee rules are medical rules created to ascertain whether a knee injury requires the use of an X-ray to assess a fracture. Criteria Blunt trauma or a fall as mechanism of injury and either of the following: * Age younger than 12 years or older than 50 years. * Inability to walk four weight-bearing steps in the emergency department. If the patient satisfies the above criteria, they should receive an X-ray to assess for a possible fracture. Accuracy The sensitivity of using the Pittsburgh knee rules is 99% with a specificity of 60%. That means the use of the above rules has a false negative result of 1% and a false positive result of 40%. From a medical point of view, the false positive result is less important as if the patient is positive, they should receive an X-ray to assess for a possible fracture, which has a much higher specificity. However, from a practical point of view, false positives that lead to negative X-ray tests were the very thing that the kne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottawa Knee Rules
The Ottawa knee rules are a set of rules used to help physicians determine whether an x-ray of the knee is needed. They state that an X-ray is required only in patients who have an acute knee injury with one or more of the following: * Age 55 years or older * Tenderness at head of fibula * Isolated tenderness of patella * Inability to flex the knee greater than 90° * Inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department (4 steps) The Ottawa knee rules were derived to aid in the efficient use of radiography in acute knee injuries and have since been prospectively validated on multiple occasions in different populations and in both children and adults. Some studies found the sensitivity of the Ottawa knee rules is 98-100% for clinically significant knee fractures, meaning that 98-100% of all patients with a fracture will meet the criteria for X-ray. However, specificity for the Ottawa knee rules is typically poor, meaning that a significant proportion of those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottawa Ankle Rules
In medicine, the Ottawa ankle rules are a set of guidelines for clinicians to help decide if a patient with foot or ankle pain should be offered X-rays to diagnose a possible bone fracture. Before the introduction of the rules most patients with ankle injuries would have been imaged. However the vast majority of patients with unclear ankle injuries do not have bone fractures. As a result, many unnecessary X-rays were taken, which was costly, time-consuming and a slight health risk due to radiation exposure. The Ottawa ankle rules Ankle X-ray Ankle X-ray is only required if: * There is any pain in the malleolar zone; and, * Any one of the following: ** Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the tibia or tip of the medial malleolus, OR ** Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the fibula or tip of the lateral malleolus, OR ** An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department for four steps. Foot X ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NACA Score
A NACA score (or National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics score) is a scoring system of the severity in cases of medical emergencies such as injuries, diseases or poisonings. It was developed from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics for accidents in aviation. The NACA score is divided into the following, specified with Roman numerals or the Arabic zero 0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. Adding (or subtracting) 0 to any number leaves that number unchanged; in mathematical terminology, 0 is the additive identity of the integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and compl .... Categories: References External links ÖGAN / Scoring systems in emergency medicine(in German) {{DEFAULTSORT:NACA score Diagnostic emergency medicine Medical scales National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kocher Criteria
The Kocher criteria are a tool useful in the differentiation of septic arthritis from transient synovitis in the child with a painful hip. They are named for Mininder S. Kocher, an orthopaedic surgeon at Boston Children's Hospital and Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery at Harvard Medical School. The original study used retrospective pediatric cases to develop the criteria over multiple years. The score is primarily used in orthopedic cases in which the symptoms experienced in septic arthritis and transient synovitis are similar. The criteria can be used on multiple joints — the hip being the most tested given its frequency of diagnosis and importance to the patient's mobility. The knee and the ankle can also experience these symptoms and the criteria can be applied to symptomatic joints such as these. Septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency, which, if treatment is delayed, can lead to irreversible joint damage. Septic arthritis occurs more often in childhood than at any other t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Injury Severity Score
The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is an established medical score to assess trauma severity. It correlates with mortality, morbidity and hospitalization time after trauma. It is used to define the term major trauma. A major trauma (or polytrauma) is defined as the Injury Severity Score being greater than 15. The AIS Committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM) designed and improves upon the scale. Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) is an anatomically based consensus-derived global severity scoring system that classifies each injury in every body region according to its relative severity on a six-point ordinal scale: # Minor # Moderate # Serious # Severe # Critical # Maximal (currently untreatable). There are nine AIS chapters corresponding to nine body regions: # Head # Face # Neck # Thorax # Abdomen # Spine # Upper Extremity # Lower Extremity # External and other. Definition The ISS is based (see below) upon the Ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harris Hip Score
The Harris Hip Score (HHS) is a common evaluation instrument of the results of various hip disabilities and methods of treatment, especially for the assessment of hip replacement. It was developed by William H. Harris in 1969 with 30 patients who had suffered a fracture of the acetabulum or a luxation of the hip. The HHS contains 10 questions/ items, which can be divided in 4 categories: pain, function, range of motion and deformity. It scales from 0 to 100 points. Today, in most cases the version of Haddad et al. is used, where the calculation of the result of the category range of motion has been simplified. The HHS differs from other hip scores as it contains objective as well as subjective items. This has been sparked some controversies as results as the range of motion may be biased by the investigator. In recent years, (solely subjective) patient reported outcome measurement-tools have been developed such as the WOMAC The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
