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Clemizole
Clemizole, sold under the brand names Allercur and Histacur, is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist of the benzimidazole group described as an antihistamine, antipruritic, and sedative which is no longer marketed. It is also a serotonin receptor agonist and is being studied for the potential treatment of Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and epilepsy under the development code name EPX-100. The drug was first described in the scientific literature by 1952. Its serotonin receptor agonist and anticonvulsant properties were discovered in 2017. Synthesis Benzimidazoles substituted with an alkylamine at position 2 have a venerable history as H1 antihistaminic agents. The standard starting material for many benzimidazoles consists of phenylenediamine, or its derivatives. Reaction of that compound with chloroacetic acid can be rationalized by invoking initial formation of the chloromethyl amide. Imide formation with the remaining free amino group closes the ring to afford ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlormidazole
Chlormidazole (INN, also known as clomidazole) is used as a spasmolytic and azole antifungal drug. Synthesis See also * Clemizole References * ''Merck Index ''The Merck Index'' is an encyclopedia of chemical substance, chemicals, pharmaceutical drug, drugs and biomolecule, biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related chemical compound, compounds published online ...'', 12th Edition, 2156. Antifungals Benzimidazoles 4-Chlorophenyl compounds Lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors {{dermatologic-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
H1 Antagonist
H1 antagonists, also called H1 blockers, are a class of pharmaceutical drug, medications that block the action of histamine at the histamine H1 receptor, H1 receptor, helping to relieve allergy, allergic reactions. Agents where the main therapeutic effect is mediated by negative modulation of histamine receptors are termed antihistamines; other agents may have antihistaminergic action but are not true antihistamines. In common use, the term "antihistamine" refers only to H1-antihistamines. Virtually all H1-antihistamines function as inverse agonists at the histamine H1-receptor, as opposed to neutral Receptor antagonist, antagonists, as was previously believed. Medical uses H1-antihistamines are used clinically to treat histamine-mediated allergic conditions. These indications may include:Rossi S (Ed.) (2004). ''Australian Medicines Handbook 2004''. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook. * Allergic rhinitis * Allergic conjunctivitis * Allergic skin, dermatological condition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Experimental Drugs
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exist natural experimental studies. A child may carry out basic experiments to understand how things fall to the ground, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a phenomenon. Experiments and other types of hands-on activities are very important to student learning in the science classroom. Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially when used over time. Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzimidazoles
Benzimidazole is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. This bicyclic compound may be viewed as fused rings of the aromatic compounds benzene and imidazole. It is a white solid that appears in form of tabular crystals. Preparation Benzimidazole was discovered during research on vitamin B12. The benzimidazole nucleus was found to be a stable platform on which drugs could be developed. Benzimidazole is produced by condensation of o-phenylenediamine with formic acid, or the equivalent trimethyl orthoformate: :C6H4(NH2)2 + HC(OCH3)3 → C6H4N(NH)CH + 3 CH3OH 2-Substituted derivatives are obtained when the condensation is conducted with aldehydes in place of formic acid, followed by oxidation. Reactions Benzimidazole is a base: :C6H4N(NH)CH + H+ → 6H4(NH)2CHsup>+ It can also be deprotonated with stronger bases: :C6H4N(NH)CH + LiH → Li 6H4N2CH + H2 The imine can be alkylated and also serves as a ligand in coordination chemistry. The most pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abandoned Drugs
Abandon, abandoned, or abandonment may refer to: Common uses * Abandonment (emotional), a subjective emotional state in which people feel undesired, left behind, insecure, or discarded * Abandonment (legal), a legal term regarding property ** Child abandonment, the extralegal abandonment of children ** Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property, legal status of property after abandonment and rediscovery * Abandonment (mysticism) Art, entertainment, and media Film * ''Abandon'' (film), a 2002 film starring Katie Holmes * ''Abandoned'' (1949 film), starring Dennis O'Keefe * ''Abandoned'' (1955 film), the English language title of the Italian war film ''Gli Sbandati'' * ''Abandoned'' (2001 film), a Hungarian film * ''Abandoned'' (2010 film), starring Brittany Murphy * ''Abandoned'' (2015 film), a television movie about the shipwreck of the ''Rose-Noëlle'' in 1989 * ''Abandoned'' (2022 film), starring Emma Roberts * ''The Abandoned'' (1945 film), a 1945 Mexican film * ''The Aba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Hydride
Sodium hydride is the chemical compound with the empirical formula Na H. This alkali metal hydride is primarily used as a strong yet combustible base in organic synthesis. NaH is a saline (salt-like) hydride, composed of Na+ and H− ions, in contrast to molecular hydrides such as borane, silane, germane, ammonia, and methane. It is an ionic material that is insoluble in all solvents (other than molten sodium metal), consistent with the fact that H− ions do not exist in solution. Basic properties and structure NaH is colorless, although samples generally appear grey. NaH is around 40% denser than Na (0.968 g/cm3). NaH, like LiH, KH, RbH, and CsH, adopts the NaCl crystal structure. In this motif, each Na+ ion is surrounded by six H− centers in an octahedral geometry. The ionic radii of H− (146 pm in NaH) and F− (133 pm) are comparable, as judged by the Na−H and Na−F distances. "Inverse sodium hydride" (hydrogen sodide) A very unusual situation occurs in a com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrrolidine
Pyrrolidine, also known as tetrahydropyrrole, is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)4NH. It is a cyclic secondary amine, also classified as a saturated heterocycle. It is a colourless liquid that is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It has a characteristic odor that has been described as "ammoniacal, fishy, shellfish-like". In addition to pyrrolidine itself, many substituted pyrrolidines are known. Production and synthesis Industrial production Pyrrolidine is prepared industrially by the reaction of 1,4-butanediol and ammonia at a temperature of 165–200 °C and a pressure of 17–21 MPa in the presence of a cobalt- and nickel oxide catalyst, which is supported on alumina. : The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase in a continuous tube- or tube bundle reactor, which is operated in the cycle gas method. The catalyst is arranged as a fixed-bed and the conversion is carried out in the downflow mode. The product is obtained after m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imide
In organic chemistry, an imide is a functional group consisting of two acyl groups bound to nitrogen. The compounds are structurally related to acid anhydrides, although imides are more resistant to hydrolysis. In terms of commercial applications, imides are best known as components of high-strength polymers, called Polyimide, polyimides. Inorganic imides are also known as solid state or gaseous compounds, and the imido group (=NH) can also act as a ligand. Examples Simple example is diacetamide with the formula , formally the diacetylated derivative of ammonia. Commonly encountered imides, however, are cyclic, being derived from dicarboxylic acids. A common example is succinimide derived from succinic acid and ammonia. The names of these cyclic imides reflect the parent acid. Many imides are derived from primary amines as opposed to ammonia. These are indicated by ''N''-substituent in the prefix. For example, N-ethylsuccinimide is derived from succinic acid and ethylamine. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroacetic Acid
Chloroacetic acid, industrially known as monochloroacetic acid (MCA), is the organochlorine compound with the formula . This carboxylic acid is a useful building block in organic synthesis. It is a colorless solid. Related compounds are dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. Production Chloroacetic acid was first prepared (in impure form) by the French chemist Félix LeBlanc (1813–1886) in 1843 by chlorinating acetic acid in the presence of sunlight, and in 1857 (in pure form) by the German chemist Reinhold Hoffmann (1831–1919) by refluxing glacial acetic acid in the presence of chlorine and sunlight, and then by the French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz by hydrolysis of chloroacetyl chloride (), also in 1857. Chloroacetic acid is prepared industrially by two routes. The predominant method involves chlorination of acetic acid, with acetic anhydride as a catalyst: : This route suffers from the production of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid as i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenylenediamine
Phenylenediamine may refer to: * ''o''-Phenylenediamine or OPD, a chemical compound C6H4(NH2)2 * ''m''-Phenylenediamine or MPD, a chemical compound C6H4(NH2)2 * ''p''-Phenylenediamine or PPD, a chemical compound C6H4(NH2)2 Related compounds * ''N,N''-Dimethyl-''p''-phenylenediamine or DMPD * ''N,N,N′,N′''-Tetramethyl-''p''-phenylenediamine or TMPD, used in microbiology * ''N'',''N''-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine or DPD {{Chemistry index Diamines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
