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Chīmalli
The Chīmalli or Aztec shield (; "shield") was the traditional defensive armament of the indigenous states of Mesoamerica. These shields varied in design and purpose. The Chīmalli was also used while wearing special headgear. Construction Chīmalli were constructed out of materials such as the skins of deer, ocelots, and rabbits, plants such as bamboo, agave, and cotton, precious metals such as gold, and feathers from local, remote, and migratory birds. A single shield could be covered with as many as 26,400 feathers. Feathers for chīmalli were collected by bird breeders called amantecas, who hunted and raised several species of birds for the purpose of using their feathers for art. Being an amanteca was a family tradition, and one would teach the art to their progeny. The creation of chīmalli was also a community tradition, an art that involved amantecas, as well as goldsmiths, carpenters, and painters. Variations The size of the shields varied. Some had normal (circular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xicalcoliuhqui Chimalli
Xicalcoliuhqui (also referred to as a "step fret" or "stepped fret" design and ''greca'' in Spanish) is a common motif in Mesoamerican art. It is composed of three or more steps connected to a hook or spiral, reminiscent of a "greek-key" Meander (art), meander. Pre-Columbian examples may be found on everything from jewelry, masks, ceramics, sculpture, textiles and featherwork to painted murals, codices and architectural elements of buildings. The motif has been in continual use from the pre-Columbian era to the present. Connotations The word ''xicalcoliuhqui'' () means "twisted gourd" (''xical''- "gourdbowl" and ''coliuhqui'' "twisted") in Nahuatl. The motif is associated with many ideas, and is variously thought to depict water, waves, clouds, lightning, a serpent or serpent-deity like the mythological fire or Feathered Serpent, feathered serpents, as well as more philosophical ideas like cyclical movement, or the life-giving connection between the light of the sun and the ear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Mendoza Folio 67r Bottom
The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now reserved for older manuscript books, which mostly used sheets of vellum, parchment, or papyrus, rather than paper. By convention, the term is also used for any Aztec codex (although the earlier examples do not actually use the codex format), Maya codices and other pre-Columbian manuscripts. Library practices have led to many European manuscripts having "codex" as part of their usual name, as with the Codex Gigas, while most do not. Modern books are divided into paperback (or softback) and those bound with stiff boards, called hardbacks. Elaborate historical bindings are called treasure bindings. At least in the Western world, the main alternative to the paged codex format for a long document was the continuous scroll, which was the domina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shield Aztec Or Mixtec (Chimalli)
A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm. Shields are used to intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged weaponry like spears or long ranged projectiles such as arrows. They function as means of active blocks, as well as to provide passive protection by closing one or more lines of engagement during combat. Shields vary greatly in size and shape, ranging from large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models (such as the buckler) that were intended for hand-to-hand-combat use. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of relatively deep, absorbent, wooden planking to protect soldiers from the impact of spears and crossbow bolts, others were thinner and lighter and designed mainly for deflecting blade strikes (like the roromaraugi or qauata). Finally, shields vary greatly in shape, ranging in roundness to angularity, proportional length and width, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
El Universal (Mexico City)
''El Universal'' is a Mexican newspaper based in Mexico City. History ''El Universal'' was founded by and Emilio Rabasa in October 1916, in the city of Santiago de Querétaro to cover the end of the Mexican Revolution and the creation of the new Mexican Constitution. The circulation of the print edition of ''El Universal'' is more than 300,000 readers. In 2013 the ''El Universal'' website claimed to have an average of more than 16 million unique visitors each month, with 140 million page views, and 4 million followers on Facebook. ''Aviso Oportuno'' is the classifieds service of ''El Universal''. The brand has become widely known in Mexico, and the phrase ''Aviso Oportuno'' is sometimes used as a generic term for the classifieds business. This brand has four sub-sites: ''Inmuebles'', ''Vehículos'', ''Empleos'' and ''Varios'' (Real Estate, Vehicles, Jobs and Miscellaneous). News items are open to reader comments through a simple sign-up system which has resulted in ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aviculture
Aviculture is the practice of keeping and breeding birds, especially of wild birds in captivity. Aviculture Aviculture is the practice of keeping birds (class '' Aves'') in captivity in controlled conditions, normally within the confines of a cage or an aviary. Some reasons for aviculture are: breeding birds as a hobby, a business like a zoo, or sometimes for research and conservation purposes to preserve and protect some endangered avian species that are at risk due to habitat destruction, the illegal wildlife trade, diseases, and natural disasters. Aviculture encourages conservation, provides education about avian species, provides companion birds for the public, and includes research on avian behaviour. Popular birds people like to keep and breed include budgerigars, cockatiels, finches, macaws, domestic canaries, columbidae (pigeons and doves), loriini (lories and lorikeets), cockatoos, conures, and African grey parrots. Avicultural societies In the UK, the Avicu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
In All Countries And In All Times
IN, In or in may refer to: Dans * India (country code IN) * Indiana, United States (postal code IN) * Ingolstadt, Germany (license plate code IN) * In, Russia, a town in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast Businesses and organizations * Independent Network, a UK-based political association * Indiana Northeastern Railroad (Association of American Railroads reporting mark) * Indian Navy, a part of the India military * Infantry, the branch of a military force that fights on foot * IN Groupe, the producer of French official documents * MAT Macedonian Airlines (IATA designator IN) * Nam Air (IATA designator IN) * Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, sometimes abbreviated IN Science and technology * .in, the internet top-level domain of India * Inch (in), a unit of length * Indium, symbol In, a chemical element * Intelligent Network, a telecommunication network standard * Intra-nasal (insufflation), a method of administrating some medications and vaccines * Integrase, a retr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aztec Warfare
Aztec warfare concerns the aspects associated with the military conventions, forces, weaponry and strategic expansions conducted by the Mesoamerican chronology, Late Postclassic Aztec civilizations of Mesoamerica, including particularly the military history of the Aztec Triple Alliance involving the city-states of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco (Aztec site), Texcoco, Tlacopan and other allied polity, polities of the central Mexican region. This united the Mexica, Apulteca, and Chichimeca people through marriages. The Aztec armed forces were typically made up of a large number of commoners (''yāōquīzqueh'' , "those who have gone to war") who possessed extensive military training, and a smaller but still considerable number of highly professional warriors belonging to the nobility (''Pipiltin, pīpiltin'' ) and who were organized into warrior societies and ranked according to their achievements. The Aztec state's primary purpose was political expansion and dominance of and exaction of tri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armor
Armour (Commonwealth English) or armor (American English; see American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, spelling differences) is a covering used to protect an object, individual, or vehicle from physical injury or damage, especially direct contact weapons or projectiles during combat, or from a potentially dangerous environment or activity (e.g. cycling, construction sites, etc.). Personal armour is used to protect soldiers and war animals. Vehicle armour is used on warships, armoured fighting vehicles, and some combat aircraft, mostly ground attack aircraft. A second use of the term ''armour'' describes Division (military)#Armoured division, armoured forces, #Armoured fighting vehicles, armoured weapons, and their role in combat. After the development of armoured warfare, tanks and mechanised infantry and their combat formations came to be referred to collectively as "armour". Etymology The word "armour" began to appear in the Middle Ages as a derivati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shield
A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm. Shields are used to intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged weaponry like spears or long ranged projectiles such as arrows. They function as means of active blocks, as well as to provide passive protection by closing one or more lines of engagement during combat. Shields vary greatly in size and shape, ranging from large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models (such as the buckler) that were intended for hand-to-hand-combat use. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of relatively deep, absorbent, wooden planking to protect soldiers from the impact of spears and crossbow bolts, others were thinner and lighter and designed mainly for deflecting blade strikes (like the roromaraugi or qauata). Finally, shields vary greatly in shape, ranging in roundness to angularity, proportional length and wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frances Berdan
Frances F. Berdan (born May 31, 1944) is an American archaeologist specializing in the Aztecs and professor emerita of anthropology at California State University, San Bernardino. Berdan has authored many influential books about the Aztec civilization. In 1983, she received an "Outstanding Professor" award from California State University. In 1986, she was a fellow at Dumbarton Oaks Dumbarton Oaks, formally the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, is a historic estate in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. It was the residence and gardens of wealthy U.S. diplomat Robert Woods Bliss and his wife ... with Michael E. Smith and other prominent Mesoamerican scholars. The result of that stay was the book ''Aztec Imperial Strategies'' (1986). Works * * * * * References Mesoamerican archaeologists Scholars of the Aztecs Living people 20th-century Mesoamericanists 21st-century Mesoamericanists 1944 births American women archaeologists 20th-cen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patricia Rieff Anawalt
Patricia Rieff Anawalt was an American anthropologist, author, and museum director. Anawalt was born on March 10, 1924, in Ripon, California. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). After she received her PhD she started studying pre-Columbian culture, specifically dress. Anawalt went on to serve as the curator of costumes and textiles at the UCLA Museum of Cultural History. She founded the ''Center for the Study of Regional Dress'' at the Fowler Museum at UCLA. In 1988 she received a Guggenheim Fellowship. Anawalt wrote several books including ''The Essential Codex Mendoza'' (co-authored with Frances Berdan Frances F. Berdan (born May 31, 1944) is an American archaeologist specializing in the Aztecs and professor emerita of anthropology at California State University, San Bernardino. Berdan has authored many influential books about the Aztec civilizat ..., University of California Press, 1997) and ''The Worldwide History of Dress'' (Thames & Hudson, 200 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
