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Chondrogenesis
Chondrogenesis is the biological process through which cartilage tissue is formed and developed. This intricate and tightly regulated cellular differentiation pathway plays a crucial role in skeletal development, as cartilage serves as a fundamental component of the embryonic skeleton. The term "chondrogenesis" is derived from the Greek words "chondros," meaning cartilage, and "genesis," meaning origin or formation. Cartilage in fetal development In embryogenesis, the skeletal system is derived from the mesoderm and ectoderm germ layers. Chondrification (also known as chondrogenesis) is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix. Early in fetal development, the greater part of the skeleton is cartilaginous. This ''temporary'' cartilage is gradually replaced by bone (endochondral ossification), a process that ends at puberty. In contrast, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SLC26A2
The sulfate transporter is a solute carrier family protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC26A2'' gene. SLC26A2 is also called the diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter (DTDST), and was first described by Hästbacka et al. in 1994. A defect in sulfate activation described by Superti-Furga in achondrogenesis type 1B was subsequently also found to be caused by genetic variants in the sulfate transporter gene. This sulfate (SO42−) transporter also accepts chloride, hydroxyl ions (OH−), and oxalate as substrates. SLC26A2 is expressed at high levels in developing and mature cartilage, as well as being expressed in lung, placenta, colon, kidney, pancreas and testis. Function The diastrophic dysplasia sulfate transporter is a transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in the pathogenesis of several human chondrodysplasias. In chondrocytes, SLC26A2 functions to transport most of the cellular sulfate, which is critical for the sulfation of proteoglycans and normal cartilage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Articular Cartilage Repair
Articular cartilage repair treatment involves the repair of the surface of the articular joint's hyaline cartilage, though these solutions do not perfectly ''restore'' the articular cartilage. These treatments have been shown to have positive results for patients who have articular cartilage damage. They can provide some measure of pain relief, while slowing down the accumulation of damage, or delaying the need for joint replacement (knee replacement) surgery. Different articular cartilage repair procedures Though the different articular cartilage repair procedures differ in the technologies and surgical techniques used, they all share the same aim to repair articular cartilage whilst keeping options open for alternative treatments in the future. Broadly taken, there are five major types of articular cartilage repair: Arthroscopic lavage / debridement Arthroscopic lavage is a "cleaning up" procedure of the knee joint. This short-term solution is not considered as an articular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chondrocytes
Chondrocytes (, ) are the only cells found in healthy cartilage. They produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans. Although the word '' chondroblast'' is commonly used to describe an immature chondrocyte, the term is imprecise, since the progenitor of chondrocytes (which are mesenchymal stem cells) can differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts. Development From least- to terminally-differentiated, the chondrocytic lineage is: # Colony-forming unit-fibroblast # Mesenchymal stem cell / marrow stromal cell # Chondrocyte # Hypertrophic chondrocyte Mesenchymal (mesoderm origin) stem cells are undifferentiated, meaning they can differentiate into a variety of generative cells commonly known as osteochondrogenic (or osteogenic, chondrogenic, osteoprogenitor, etc.) cells. When referring to bone, or in this case cartilage, the originally undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells lose their pluripotency, proliferat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SOX5
Transcription factor SOX-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOX5'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the SOX (SRY-related HMG-box) family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in the determination of the cell fate. The encoded protein may act as a transcriptional regulator after forming a protein complex with other proteins. The encoded protein may play a role in chondrogenesis. A pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 8. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Mutations in the SOX5 gene can cause Lamb-Shaffer syndrome. See also * SOX genes ''SOX'' genes (''SRY''-related HMG-box genes) encode a family of transcription factors that bind to the minor groove in DNA, and belong to a super-family of genes characterized by a homology (biology), homologous sequence called the HMG-box (fo ... References Further reading * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ATOH8 (gene)
Atonal bHLH transcription factor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATOH8 gene. It is hypothesized to play a role endochondral ossification as a regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. In addition, it also participates in the chondrogenesis of limb bud mesenchymal progenitor cells A progenitor cell is a Cell (biology), biological cell that can Cellular differentiation, differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cell, Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than .... References Further reading * * * * {{gene-2-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKX3-2
NK3 homeobox 2 also known as NKX3-2 is a human gene. It is a homolog of ''bagpipe (bap)'' in ''Drosophila'' and therefore also known as Bapx1 (bagpipe homeobox homolog 1). The protein encoded by this gene is a homeodomain containing transcription factor. Function NKX3-2 plays a role in the development Development or developing may refer to: Arts *Development (music), the process by which thematic material is reshaped * Photographic development *Filmmaking, development phase, including finance and budgeting * Development hell, when a proje ... of the axial and limb skeleton. Mutations disrupting the function of this gene are associated witspondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia(SMMD). Nkx3-2 in mice also regulates patterning in the middle ear. Two small bones in the middle ear, the malleus and incus, are homologous to the articular and quadrate, the bones of the proximal jaw joint in fish and other non-mammalian jawed vertebrates. NKX3-2 expression is required to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SOX6
Transcription factor SOX-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOX6'' gene. Function The SOX gene family encodes a group of transcription factors defined by the conserved high mobility group (HMG) DNA-binding domain. Unlike most transcription factors, SOX transcription factors bind to the minor groove of DNA, causing a 70- to 85-degree bend and introducing local conformational changes. upplied by OMIMref name="entrez"/> Interactions SOX6 has been shown to interact with CTBP2 and CENPK. It has also been demonstrated that SOX6 protein accumulates in the differentiating human erythrocytes, and then is able to downregulate its own transcription, by directly binding to an evolutionarily conserved consensus sequences located near ''SOX6'' transcriptional start site. Sox6 appears to have a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of globin genes, and in directing the terminal differentiation of red blood cells. In addition, SOX6 may have a role in tumor growt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bone Morphogenetic Protein
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens. Professor Marshall Urist and Professor Hari Reddi discovered their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body. The important functioning of BMP signals in physiology is emphasized by the multitude of roles for dysregulated BMP signalling in pathological processes. Cancerous disease often involves misregulation of the BMP signalling system. Absence of BMP signalling is, for instance, an important factor in the progression of colon cancer, and conversely, overactivation of BMP signalling following reflux-induced esophagitis provokes Barrett's esophagus and is thus instrumental in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs) are used in orthopedic applications such as spinal fusions, nonunions, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EBF1
Transcription factor COE1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EBF1'' gene. EBF1 stands for Early B-Cell Factor 1. EBF1 controls the expression of key proteins required for B cell differentiation, signal transduction and function. The crucial role of this factor is shown in the regulation of expression of SLAM family co-receptors in B-cells. In addition, EBF1 is also noted for its role in chondrogenic differentiation in limb bud mesenchymal progenitor cells. Interactions EBF1 has been shown to interact with ZNF423 and CREB binding protein CREB-binding protein, also known as CREBBP or CBP or KAT3A, (where CREB is cAMP response element-binding protein) is a coactivator encoded by the ''CREBBP'' gene in humans, located on chromosome 16p13.3. CBP has intrinsic acetyltransferase funct .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * {{Transcription factors and intracellular receptors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a proteinaceous hormone and a member of the parathyroid hormone family secreted by mesenchymal stem cells. It is occasionally secreted by cancer cells (for example, breast cancer, certain types of lung cancer including squamous-cell lung carcinoma). However, it also has normal functions in bone, teeth, vascular tissues and other tissues. Function PTHrP acts as an endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, and intracrine hormone. It regulates endochondral bone development by maintaining the endochondral growth plate at a constant width. It also regulates epithelial–mesenchymal interactions during the formation of the mammary glands. PTHrP plays a major role in regulating calcium homeostasis in vertebrates, including sea bream, chick, and mammals. In 2005, Australian pathologist and researcher Thomas John Martin found that PTHrP produced by osteoblasts is a physiological regulator of bone formation. Martin and Miao ''et al.'' demonstr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indian Hedgehog (protein)
Indian hedgehog homolog (Drosophila), also known as IHH, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''IHH'' gene. This cell signaling protein is in the hedgehog signaling pathway. The several mammalian variants of the '' Drosophila'' hedgehog gene ( which was the first named) have been named after the various species of hedgehog; the Indian hedgehog is honored by this one. The gene is not specific to Indian hedgehogs. Function The Indian hedgehog protein is one of three proteins in the mammalian hedgehog family, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and sonic hedgehog (SHH). It is involved in chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation and maturation especially during endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential pathways by which bone tissue is produced during fetal development and bone healing, bone repair of the mammalian skeleton, skeletal system, the other pathway being intramembranous ossificatio .... It regulates its effects by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sox9
Transcription factor SOX-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOX9'' gene. Function SOX-9 recognizes the sequence CCTTGAG along with other members of the HMG-box class DNA-binding domain, DNA-binding proteins. It is expressed by proliferating but not hypertrophic chondrocytes that is essential for differentiation of precursor cells into chondrocytes and, with steroidogenic factor 1, regulates transcription of the anti-Müllerian hormone (Anti-Müllerian hormone, AMH) gene. SOX-9 also plays a pivotal role in male sexual development; by working with Sf1, SOX-9 can produce AMH in Sertoli cells to inhibit the creation of a female reproductive system. It also interacts with a few other genes to promote the development of male sexual organs. The process starts when the transcription factor testis determining factor (encoded by the sex-determining region SRY of the Y chromosome) activates SOX-9 activity by binding to an enhancer (genetics), enhancer sequence Upstream and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
