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Chloryl
In chemistry, chloryl refers to a triatomic cation with chemical formula . This species has the same general structure as chlorite () but it is electronically different, with chlorine having a +5 oxidation state (rather than the +3 of chlorite). This makes it a rare example of a positively charged oxychloride. Chloryl compounds, such as and lO2RuF6], are all highly reactive and react violently with water and most organic compounds. Structure The cation is isoelectronic with , and has a bent structure with a bond angle close to 120°. The Cl–O bond is of bond order 1.5, with its Lewis structure consisting of a double bond and a dative bond which does not utilize d-orbitals. The red color of is caused by electron transitions into an antibonding orbital. The analogous transition in is not in the visible spectrum, so is colorless. The strength of interaction with the counterion affects the energy of this antibonding orbital; thus, in colorless chloryl compounds, strong inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloryl Fluoride
Chloryl fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula ClO2F. It is commonly encountered as side-product in reactions of chlorine fluorides with oxygen sources. It is the acyl fluoride In organic chemistry, an acyl halide (also known as an acid halide) is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid by replacing a hydroxyl group () with a halide group (, where X is a halogen). If the acid is a carboxylic acid (), the compound c ... of chloric acid. Preparation ClO2F was first reported by Schmitz and Schumacher in 1942, who prepared it by the fluorination of ClO2. The compound is more conveniently prepared by treatment of sodium chlorate and chlorine trifluoride and purified by vacuum fractionation, i.e. selectively condensing this species separately from other products. This species is a gas boiling at −6 °C: :6 NaClO3 + 4 ClF3 → 6 ClO2F + 2 Cl2 + 3 O2 + 6 NaF Structure In contrast to O2F2, ClO2F is a pyramidal molecule. This structure is predicted by VSEPR. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dichlorine Hexoxide
Dichlorine hexoxide is the chemical compound with the molecular formula , which is correct for its gaseous state. However, in liquid or solid form, this chlorine oxide ionizes into the dark red ionic compound chloryl perchlorate , which may be thought of as the mixed anhydride of chloric and perchloric acids. It is produced by reaction between chlorine dioxide and excess ozone: :2 + 2 → 2 + 2 → + 2 Molecular structure It was originally reported to exist as the monomeric chlorine trioxide ClO3 in gas phase, but was later shown to remain an oxygen-bridged dimer after evaporation and until thermal decomposition into chlorine perchlorate, Cl2O4, and oxygen. The compound ClO3 was then rediscovered. It is a dark red fuming liquid at room temperature that crystallizes as a red ionic compound, chloryl perchlorate, . The red color shows the presence of chloryl ions. Thus, chlorine's formal oxidation state in this compound remains a mixture of chlorine (V) and chlori ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorite
The chlorite ion, or chlorine dioxide anion, is the halite with the chemical formula of . A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in the oxidation state of +3. Chlorites are also known as salts of chlorous acid. Compounds The free acid, chlorous acid HClO2, is the least stable oxoacid of chlorine and has only been observed as an aqueous solution at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. The alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compounds are all colorless or pale yellow, with sodium chlorite (NaClO2) being the only commercially important chlorite. Heavy metal chlorites (Ag+, Hg+, Tl+, Pb2+, and also Cu2+ and ) are unstable and decompose explosively with heat or shock. Sodium chlorite is derived indirectly from sodium chlorate, NaClO3. First, the explosively unstable gas chlorine dioxide, ClO2 is produced by reducing sodium chlorate with a suitable reducing agent such as methanol, hyd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds. In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth ( botany), the formation of igneous rocks ( geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded ( ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon ( cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adduct
An adduct (from the Latin ''adductus'', "drawn toward" alternatively, a contraction of "addition product") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components. The resultant is considered a distinct molecular species. Examples include the addition of sodium bisulfite to an aldehyde to give a sulfonate. It can just be considered as a single product resulting from the direct combination of different molecules which comprises all the reactant molecules' atoms. Adducts often form between Lewis acids and Lewis bases. A good example is the formation of adducts between the Lewis acid borane and the oxygen atom in the Lewis bases, tetrahydrofuran (THF): BH3·O(CH2)4 or diethyl ether: BH3·O(CH3CH2)2. Many Lewis acids and Lewis bases reacting in the gas phase or in non-aqueous solvents to form adducts have been examined in the ECW model. Trimethylboron, trimethyltin chloride and bis(hex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cations
An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons. A cation is a positively charged ion with fewer electrons than protons while an anion is a negatively charged ion with more electrons than protons. Opposite electric charges are pulled towards one another by electrostatic force, so cations and anions attract each other and readily form ionic compounds. Ions consisting of only a single atom are termed atomic or monatomic ions, while two or more atoms form molecular ions or polyatomic ions. In the case of physical ionization in a fluid (gas or liquid), "ion pairs" are created by spontaneous molecule collisions, where each generated pair consists of a free electron a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitronium
The nitronium ion, , is a cation. It is an onium ion because its nitrogen atom has +1 charge, similar to ammonium ion . It is created by the removal of an electron from the paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide molecule , or the protonation of nitric acid (with removal of ). It is stable enough to exist in normal conditions, but it is generally reactive and used extensively as an electrophile in the nitration of other substances. The ion is generated ''in situ'' for this purpose by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid according to the equilibrium: : Structure The nitronium ion is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, and has the same linear structure and bond angle of 180°. For this reason it has a similar vibrational spectrum to carbon dioxide. Historically, the nitronium ion was detected by Raman spectroscopy, because its symmetric stretch is Raman-active but infrared-inactive. The Raman-active symmetrical stretch was first used to ident ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitryl Fluoride
Nitryl fluoride, NO2F, is a colourless gas and strong oxidizing agent, which is used as a fluorinating agent and has been proposed as an oxidiser in rocket propellants (though never flown). It is a molecular species, not ionic, consistent with its low boiling point. The structure features planar nitrogen with a short N-F bond length of 135 pm. Preparation Henri Moissan and Paul Lebeau recorded the preparation of nitryl fluoride in 1905 by the fluorination of nitrogen dioxide. This reaction is highly exothermic, which leads to contaminated products. The simplest method avoids fluorine gas but uses cobalt(III) fluoride: :NO2 + CoF3 → NO2F + CoF2 The CoF2 can be regenerated to CoF3. Other methods have been described. Thermodynamic properties The thermodynamic properties of this gas were determined by IR and Raman spectroscopy The standard heat of formation of FNO2 is -19 ± 2 kcal/mol.3 *The equilibrium of the unimolecular decomposition of FNO2 lies on the side of the reac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lewis Base
A Lewis acid (named for the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding but may form a dative bond with a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, NH3 is a Lewis base, because it can donate its lone pair of electrons. Trimethylborane (Me3B) is a Lewis acid as it is capable of accepting a lone pair. In a Lewis adduct, the Lewis acid and base share an electron pair furnished by the Lewis base, forming a dative bond. In the context of a specific chemical reaction between NH3 and Me3B, a lone pair from NH3 will form a dative bond with the empty orbital of Me3B to form an adduct NH3•BMe3. The terminology refers to the contributions of Gilbert N. Lewis. From p. 142: "We are inclined to think of substances as p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
