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Chloropid
The Chloropidae are a family of fly, flies commonly known as frit flies or grass flies. About 2000 described species are in over 160 genera distributed worldwide. These are usually very small flies, yellow or black and appearing shiny due to the virtual absence of any hairs. The majority of the larvae are herbivore, phytophagous, mainly on grasses, and can be major pests of cereals. However, parasitism, parasitic and predation, predatory species are known. A few species are kleptoparasites. Some species in the genera ''Hippelates'' and ''Siphunculina'' (''S. funicola'' being quite well known in Asia) are called eye gnats or eye flies for their habit of being attracted to eyes. They feed on lachrymal gland, lachrymal secretions and other body fluids of various animals, including humans, and are of medical significance.Uruyakorn Chansang, Mir S. Mulla (2008) Field Evaluation of Repellents and Insecticidal Aerosol Compositions for Repelling and Control of ''Siphunculina funicola'' (Di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oscinellinae
Oscinellinae is a subfamily of frit flies in the family Chloropidae. There are at least 40 genera and 180 described species in Oscinellinae. Genera *''Apallates'' Sabrosky, 1980 *''Aphanotrigonum'' Duda, 1932 *''Biorbitella'' *''Cadrema'' *''Calamoncosis'' Enderlein, 1911 *'' Ceratobarys'' Coquillett, 1929 *'' Chaetochlorops'' Malloch, 1914 *''Conioscinella'' Duda, 1929 *''Dasyopa'' Malloch, 1918 *''Dicraeus'' Loew, 1873 *''Elachiptera'' Macquart, 1835 *'' Enderleiniella'' *''Eribolus'' Becker, 1910 *''Eugaurax'' *''Gampsocera'' Schiner, 1862 *''Gaurax'' Loew, 1863 *'' Goniaspis'' *'' Goniopsita'' *''Hapleginella'' Duda, 1933 *''Hippelates'' *''Incertella'' Sabrosky, 1980 *''Lasiambia'' Sabrosky, 1941 *'' Lasiochaeta'' Corti, 1909 *'' Lasiopleura'' *'' Liohippelates'' (eye gnats) *''Lipara'' Meigen, 1830 *'' Meijerella'' Sabrosky *'' Melanochaeta'' *''Microcercis'' Beschovski, 1978 *''Monochaetoscinella'' *''Neoscinella'' *''Olcella'' *'' Onychaspidium'' *'' Opetioph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloropinae
Chloropinae is a subfamily of grass flies in the family Chloropidae. Genera These 76 genera belong to the subfamily Chloropinae: * '' Anathracophaga'' * '' Anthracophagella'' Anderson, 1977 * '' Aragara'' Walker, 1860 * '' Archimeromyza'' Deeming, 1981 * ''Assuania'' Becker, 1903 * '' Bathyparia'' Lamb, 1917 * '' Bothynocerus'' Paganelli, 2002 * '' Bricelochlorops'' Paganelli 2002 * ''Camarota'' Meigen, 1830 * ''Capnoptera'' Loew, 1866 * ''Centorisoma'' Becker, 1910 * '' Cerais'' Wulp, 1881 * ''Cetema'' Hendel, 1907 * '' Chloromerus'' Becker, 1911 * '' Chloropella'' Malloch, 1925 * '' Chlorops'' Meigen, 1803 * ''Chloropsina'' Becker, 1911 * ''Chromatopterum'' Becker, 1910 * '' Collessimyia'' Spencer, 1986 * '' Coniochlorops'' Duda, 1934 * '' Cordylosomides'' Strand, 1928 * '' Coroichlorops'' Paganelli, 2002 * ''Cryptonevra'' Lioy, 1864 * '' Desertochlorops'' Narchuk, 1966 * ''Diplotoxa'' Loew, 1863 * '' Dudeurina'' Ismay, 1995 * ''Ectecephala'' Macquart, 1851 * '' Ectecephalina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siphunculina
''Siphunculina'' is a genus of small flies known as tropical eye flies. They are known for their habit of visiting the eyes of humans and other vertebrates to feed on fluids and in doing so cause annoyance, spread bacterial or viral diseases or cause injury to the eye. They have a habit of resting in large numbers on suspended strings, ropes and cobwebs. Several species are known from the Old World, including Asia, Europe and Africa. Cherian, P.T. 1977. The genus Siphunculina (Diptera: Chloropidae). Orient. Insects 11: 636-368. Species Some of the species include: *''Siphunculina aenea'' Macquart, 1835 *''Siphunculina aureopilosa'' Séguy, 1938 *'' Siphunculina aureosetosa'' Nartshuk, 1992 *''Siphunculina breviseta'' Malloch, 1924 *''Siphunculina corbetti'' Duda, 1936 *'' Siphunculina fasciata'' Cherian, 1971 *''Siphunculina freyi'' Sabrosky, 1957 *''Siphunculina funicola'' Meijere, 1905 *''Siphunculina intonsa'' Lamb, 1918 *''Siphunculina lobeliaphila'' Sabrosky, 1951 *''S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloropidae Unidentified Species Assembling On Window Dorsal Aspect EOS 00943
The Chloropidae are a family of fly, flies commonly known as frit flies or grass flies. About 2000 described species are in over 160 genera distributed worldwide. These are usually very small flies, yellow or black and appearing shiny due to the virtual absence of any hairs. The majority of the larvae are herbivore, phytophagous, mainly on grasses, and can be major pests of cereals. However, parasitism, parasitic and predation, predatory species are known. A few species are kleptoparasites. Some species in the genera ''Hippelates'' and ''Siphunculina'' (''S. funicola'' being quite well known in Asia) are called eye gnats or eye flies for their habit of being attracted to eyes. They feed on lachrymal gland, lachrymal secretions and other body fluids of various animals, including humans, and are of medical significance.Uruyakorn Chansang, Mir S. Mulla (2008) Field Evaluation of Repellents and Insecticidal Aerosol Compositions for Repelling and Control of ''Siphunculina funicola'' (Di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Fly
A black fly or blackfly (sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Culicomorpha infraorder. It is related to the Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Thaumaleidae. Over 2,200 species of black flies have been formally named, of which 15 are extinct. They are divided into two subfamilies: Parasimuliinae contains only one genus and four species; Simuliinae contains all the rest. Over 1,800 of the species belong to the genus '' Simulium''. Most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, although the males feed mainly on nectar. They are usually small, black or gray, with short legs, and antennae. They are a common nuisance for humans, and many U.S. states have programs to suppress the black fly population. They spread several diseases, including river blindness in Africa (''Simulium damnosum'' and ''S. neavei'') and the Americas (''S. callidum'' and ''S. metallicum'' in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosquito
Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning "gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "little fly". Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, one pair of halteres, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and elongated mouthparts. The mosquito life cycle consists of egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. Eggs are laid on the water surface; they hatch into motile larvae that feed on aquatic algae and organic material. These larvae are important food sources for many freshwater animals, such as dragonfly nymphs, many fish, and some birds such as ducks. The adult females of most species have tube-like mouthparts (called a proboscis) that can pierce the skin of a host and feed on blood, which contains protein and iron needed to produce eggs. Thousands of mosquito species feed on the blood of various hosts —� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diapause
In animal dormancy, diapause is the delay in development in response to regular and recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions.Tauber, M.J., Tauber, C.A., Masaki, S. (1986) ''Seasonal Adaptations of Insects''. Oxford University Press It is a physiological state with very specific initiating and inhibiting conditions. The mechanism is a means of surviving predictable, unfavorable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought, or reduced food availability. Diapause is observed in all the life stages of arthropods, especially insects. Embryonic diapause, a somewhat similar phenomenon, occurs in over 130 species of mammals, possibly even in humans, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes. Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur in a completely immobile stage, such as the pupae and eggs, or it may occur in very active stages that undergo extensive migrati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hibernation
Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy characterized by low body-temperature, slow breathing and heart-rate, and low metabolic rate. It most commonly occurs during winter months. Although traditionally reserved for "deep" hibernators such as rodents, the term has been redefined to include animals such as bears and is now applied based on active metabolic suppression rather than any absolute decline in body temperature. Many experts believe that the processes of daily torpor and hibernation form a continuum and utilise similar mechanisms. The equivalent during the summer months is aestivation. Hibernation functions to conserve energy when sufficient food is not available. To achieve this energy saving, an endothermic animal decreases its metabolic rate and thereby its body temperature. Hibernation may last days, weeks, or months—depending on the species, ambient temperatu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of the entire Phanerozoic. The name is derived from the Latin ''creta'', " chalk", which is abundant in the latter half of the period. It is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation ''Kreide''. The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas. These oceans and seas were populated with now-extinct marine reptiles, ammonites, and rudists, while dinosaurs continued to dominate on land. The world was ice free, and forests extended to the poles. During this time, new groups of mammals and birds appeared. During the Early Cretaceous, flowering plants appeared and began to rapidly diversify, becoming the dominant group of plants across the Ear ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agropyron
''Agropyron'' is a genus of Eurasian plants in the grass family), native to Europe and Asia but widely naturalized in North America. Species in the genus are commonly referred to as wheatgrass. ; Species * ''Agropyron badamense'' - Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan * ''Agropyron bulbosum'' - Iran * ''Agropyron cimmericum'' - Ukraine, Crimea * ''Agropyron cristatum'' - Crested wheatgrass - Eurasia + North Africa from Spain + Morocco to Korea + Khabarovsk; naturalized in western + central North America (United States, Canada, northern Mexico) * ''Agropyron dasyanthum'' - Ukraine * ''Agropyron desertorum'' - Desert Wheatgrass - from Crimea + Caucasus to Mongolia + Siberia * ''Agropyron deweyi'' - Turkey * ''Agropyron fragile'' - Siberian wheatgrass - from Caucasus to Mongolia; naturalized in scattered locales in western United States + Canada * ''Agropyron michnoi'' - Buryatiya, Zabaykalsky Krai, Mongolia, Inner Mongolia * '' Agropyron mongolicum'' - Gansu, Inne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromus
''Bromus'' is a large genus of grasses, classified in its own tribe Bromeae. They are commonly known as bromes, brome grasses, cheat grasses or chess grasses. Estimates in the scientific literature of the number of species have ranged from 100 to 400, but plant taxonomists currently recognize around 160–170 species. ''Bromus'' is part of the cool-season grass lineage (subfamily Pooideae), which includes about 3300 species. Within Pooideae, ''Bromus'' is classified in tribe Bromeae (it is the only genus in the tribe). ''Bromus'' is closely related to the wheat-grass lineage (tribe Triticeae) that includes such economically important genera as ''Triticum'' (wheat), ''Hordeum'' (barley) and ''Secale'' (rye). Etymology The generic name ''Bromus'' is derived from the Latin ''bromos'', a borrowed word from the Ancient Greek (). and mean ''oats'', but seems to have referred specifically to '' Avena sativa'' ( Hippocrates ''On Regimen in Acute Diseases'' 2.43, Dioscorides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rice
Rice is the seed of the grass species '' Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice) or less commonly '' Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera '' Zizania'' and ''Porteresia'', both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of '' Oryza''. As a cereal grain, domesticated rice is the most widely consumed staple food for over half of the world's human population,Abstract, "Rice feeds more than half the world's population." especially in Asia and Africa. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important food crop with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
