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Chashi
is the Japanese term for the hilltop fortifications of the Ainu. The word is of Ainu origin, from チャシ (''casi'', ), which means palisade or palisaded compound; a rival theory relates this to the Korean term 잣 (''cas'', ''jat'', ) of roughly the same meaning. Over 520 ''chashi'' have been identified in Hokkaidō, mostly in the eastern regions of the island; others are known from southern Sakhalin and the Kurils; similar phenomena such as the ''ostrogu'' of Kamchatka and the ''gorodische'' of northeast Asia may have developed independently. A few, including the Tōya ''casi'' of present-day Kushiro, date to the Muromachi period; the remainder date largely to the early seventeenth century. As such their construction may be related to increased competition for resources as a result of "intensification of trade" with the Japanese. Form The early Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries described the ''chashi'' he encountered in eastern Hokkaidō in 1643:These forts were m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katsuragaoka Chashi
The is remains of an Ainu people, Ainu ''chashi'', located in the Katsuramachi neighborhood of the city of Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan. The site was designated a Historic Sites of Japan, National Historic Site in 1935. Overview A is the Japanese language, Japanese term for the hilltop fortifications of the Ainu (people), Ainu. The word is of Ainu language, Ainu origin, from wikt:チャシ, チャシ (''casi'', ), which means palisade or palisaded compound. Over 520 ''chashi'' have been identified in Hokkaidō, mostly in the eastern regions of the island; others are known from southern Sakhalin and the Kurils. Most date largely to the early seventeenth century and their construction may be related to increased competition for resources as a result of "intensification of trade" with the Japanese. The Katsuragaoka Chashi is located on a hill facing the Sea of Okhotsk, and consists of two enclosures, one large and one small, with dry moats, and three cave dwellings. Katsuragaoka ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ainu (people)
The Ainu are an Indigenous peoples, indigenous ethnic group who reside in northern Japan and southeastern Russia, including Hokkaido and the Tōhoku region of Honshu, as well as the land surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk, such as Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Khabarovsk Krai. They have occupied these areas, known to them as "Ainu Mosir" (), since before the arrival of the modern Yamato people, Yamato and Treaty of Aigun, Russians. These regions are often referred to as and its inhabitants as in historical Japanese texts. Along with the Yamato and Ryukyuan people, Ryukyu ethnic groups, the Ainu people are one of the primary historic ethnic groups of Japan. Official surveys of the known Ainu population in Hokkaido received 11,450 responses in 2023, and the Ainu population in Russia was estimated at 300 in 2021. Unofficial estimates in 2002 placed the total population in Japan at 200,000 or higher, as the near-total Cultural assimilation, assimilatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kushiro, Hokkaidō
is a city in Kushiro Subprefecture on the island of Hokkaido, Japan. Located along the coast of the North Pacific Ocean, it serves as the subprefecture's capital and it is the most populated city in the eastern part of the island. History An Imperial decree in July 1899 established Kushiro as an open port for trading with the United States and the United Kingdom. Kushiro had been an important port because it is more reliably ice-free during winter than alternative Russian Far East warm-water ports such as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky or other ports in Hokkaido such as Hakodate, which occasionally freeze for short periods due to the lower salinity of the Sea of Japan. For this reason, Kushiro was considered a valuable target for the Tsars during the Russo-Japanese Wars. Its importance grew during the 1920s with the growth of commercial fishing, for which its reliable freedom from ice reduced costs. In addition to its port, Kushiro is serviced by Kushiro Airport with flights fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urakawa District, Hokkaidō
is a district located in Hidaka Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of 2004, the district has an estimated population of 15,986 and a density of 23.03 persons per km2. The total area is 694.23 km2. Towns and villages *Urakawa is a List of towns in Japan, town located in Hidaka Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. As of 1 October 2020, the town has an estimated population of 12,074 and a population density, density of 17 persons per km2. The total area is 694.24 km2. ... Districts in Hokkaido Hidaka Subprefecture {{Hokkaido-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shizunai River
is a river in Shinhidaka, Hokkaidō, Japan. The Shizunai River drains from the Hidaka Mountains into the Pacific Ocean. Etymology The Shizunai River was known as Shibuchari and Shibechari. This name was derived from ''Shipe-ichan'', meaning "a salmon spawning place" in Ainu.Nippon-Kichi 静内川 Shizunai-gawa The Shizunai River, last access 26 May 2008 The name Shizunai is derived from the Ainu language and has three possible sources:, * ''Shiputnai'' – A marsh at the origin of the Ainu. * ''Shuttonai'' – A marsh with many grapes. * ''Shutnai'' – A river at the foot of a mountain. Course The Shizunai River flows generally southwest from its headwaters in the Hidaka mountains at the confluence of the[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iomante
, sometimes written as , is an Ainu ceremony in which a brown bear is sacrificed. The word literally means "to send something/someone off". In some Ainu villages, it is a Blakiston's fish owl, rather than a bear, that is the subject of the ceremony. In Japanese, the ceremony is known as or, sometimes, . In the modern day, the ceremony no longer involves the killing of an animal, but is performed for wild animals that die in accidents or captive animals that die of old age. Practice Trappers set out to the bear caves at the end of winter, while the bears are still in a state of torpor. If they find a newborn cub, they kill the mother and take the cub back to the village, where they raise it indoors, as if it were one of their own children. It is said that they even provide the cub with their own breast milk. When the cub grows larger, they take it outdoors, and put it into a small pen made of logs. Throughout their lives, the bears are provided with high-quality food. The cubs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charismatic Authority
In the field of sociology, charismatic authority is a concept of organizational leadership wherein the authority of the leader derives from the personal charisma of the leader. In the tripartite classification of authority, the sociologist Max Weber contrasts charismatic authority (character, heroism, leadership, religious) against two other types of authority: (i) rational-legal authority (modern law, the sovereign state, bureaucracy) and (ii) traditional authority (patriarchy, patrimonialism, feudalism). The Ancient Greek word became known through the Pauline epistles to Christian communities in the first century of the Common Era, wherein the word ''charisma'' denoted and described a ''gift'' of divine origin that demonstrated the divine authority possessed by the early leaders of the Church. Weber developed the theological term and the concept of ''charisma'' into a secular term for the sociological study of organizations. Terms derived from ''charisma'' include ''charismat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shakushain's Revolt
The was an Ainu rebellion against Japanese authority on Hokkaidō between 1669 and 1672 in the Edo period. It was led by Ainu chieftain Shakushain against the Matsumae clan, who represented Japanese trading and governmental interests in the area of Hokkaidō, then controlled by the Japanese ('' Yamato people''). Background The Matsumae clan were given the area around present-day Matsumae, Hokkaidō, what would become the Matsumae Domain, as a march fief in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. They were charged with defending it, and by extension the whole of Japan, from the Ainu "barbarians" of the north. Trade between the Ainu and the Yamato changed greatly over time. In the early days, the Ainu traveled to Matsumae Domain to carry out transactions. However, in the first half of the 17th century, the Matsumae began to grant the trading right with the Ainu to their samurai as a substitute for a fief. The samurai were assigned trading posts set up in various parts of Hokkaidō t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sake
Sake, , or saki, also referred to as Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. Despite the name ''Japanese rice wine'', sake, and indeed any East Asian rice wine (such as huangjiu and cheongju), is produced by a brewing process more akin to that of beer, where starch is converted into sugars that ferment into alcohol, whereas in wine, alcohol is produced by fermenting sugar that is naturally present in fruit, typically grapes. The brewing process for sake differs from the process for beer, where the conversion from starch to sugar and then from sugar to alcohol occurs in two distinct steps. Like other rice wines, when sake is brewed, these conversions occur simultaneously. The alcohol content differs between sake, wine, and beer; while most beer contains 3–9% ABV, wine generally contains 9–16% ABV, and undiluted sake contains 18–20% ABV (although this is often lowered to abou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japanese Sword
A is one of several types of traditionally made swords from Japan. Bronze swords were made as early as the Yayoi period (1,000 BC – 300 AD), though most people generally refer to the curved blades made from the Heian period (794–1185) to the present day when speaking of "Japanese swords". There are many types of Japanese swords that differ by size, shape, field of application, and method of manufacture. Some of the more commonly known types of Japanese swords are the ''uchigatana'', ''tachi'', ''ōdachi'', ''wakizashi'', and ''tantō''. Etymology The word ''katana'' was used in ancient Japan and is still used today, whereas the old usage of the word ''nihontō'' is found in the poem the Song of ''Nihontō'', by the Song dynasty poet Ouyang Xiu. The word ''nihontō'' became more common in Japan in the late Tokugawa shogunate. Due to importation of Western swords, the word ''nihontō'' was adopted to distinguish it from the . ''Meibutsu'' (noted swords) is a special designat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
