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Charcoal Black
Soot ( ) is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. Soot is considered a hazardous substance with carcinogenic properties. Most broadly, the term includes all the particulate matter produced by this process, including black carbon and residual pyrolysed fuel particles such as coal, cenospheres, charred wood, and petroleum coke classified as cokes or char. It can include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals like mercury. Soot causes various types of cancer and lung disease. Terminology Definition Among scientists, exact definitions for soot vary, depending partly on their field. For example, atmospheric scientists may use a different definition compared to toxicologists. Soot's definition can also vary across time, and from paper to paper even among scientists in the same field. A common feature of the definitions is that soot is composed largely of carbon based particles resulting from the incomplete burning ...
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Organic Matter
Organic matter, organic material or natural organic matter is the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals. Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose, tannin, cutin, and lignin, along with other various proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Organic matter is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet. Formation Living organisms are composed of organic compounds. In life, they secrete or excrete organic material into their environment, shed body parts such as leaves and roots and after organisms die, their bodies are broken down by bacterial and fungal action. Larger molecules of organic matter can be formed from t ...
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Charcoal
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, called charcoal burning, often by forming a charcoal kiln, the heat is supplied by burning part of the starting material itself, with a limited supply of oxygen. The material can also be heated in a closed retort. Modern charcoal briquettes used for outdoor cooking may contain many other additives, e.g. coal. The early history of wood charcoal production spans ancient times, rooted in the abundance of wood in various regions. The process typically involves stacking wood billets to form a conical pile, allowing air to enter through openings at the bottom, and igniting the pile gradually. Charcoal burners, skilled professionals tasked with managing the delicate operation, often lived in isolation to tend their wood piles . Throughout histo ...
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Tami Bond
Tami Bond holds the Walter Scott, Jr. Presidential Chair in Energy, Environment and Health at Colorado State University since 2019. For many years she was a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Illinois, and an affiliate professor of Atmospheric Science. Bond has focused research on the effective study of black carbon or soot in the atmosphere. She is a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. A MacArthur Fellowship was awarded to her in 2014. Education Tami Bond received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Washington in 1993. She went on to graduate study at the University of California at Berkeley, where she was awarded a Masters of Science in engineering in 1995, focusing on combustion. In 2000, she completed study for an interdisciplinary Doctor of Philosophy degree in Atmospheric Sciences, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, again from the University of Washington. Career and scholarshi ...
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Climate Forcing
Radiative forcing (or climate forcing) is a concept used to quantify a change to the Earth's energy budget, balance of energy flowing through a planetary atmosphere. Various factors contribute to this change in energy balance, such as concentrations of Greenhouse gas, greenhouse gases and Aerosol, aerosols, and changes in albedo, surface albedo and solar irradiance. In more technical terms, it is defined as "the change in the net, downward minus upward, radiative flux (expressed in W/m2) due to a change in an external driver of climate change." These external drivers are distinguished from climate change feedback, feedbacks and Climate variability and change, variability that are internal to the climate system, and that further influence the direction and magnitude of Earth's energy imbalance, imbalance. Radiative forcing on Earth is meaningfully evaluated at the tropopause and at the top of the stratosphere. It is quantified in units of watts per square meter, and often summarized a ...
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Black Carbon
Black carbon (BC) is the light-absorbing refractory form of Chemical_element, elemental carbon remaining after pyrolysis (e.g., charcoal) or produced by incomplete combustion (e.g., soot). Tihomir Novakov originated the term black carbon in the 1970s, after identifying black carbon as fine Particulates, particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 μm aerodynamic diameter) in aerosols. Aerosol black carbon occurs in several linked forms. Formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass, black carbon is one of the main types of soot particle in both human impact on the environment, anthropogenic and naturally occurring soot. As soot, black carbon causes disease and premature death. Because of these human health impacts, many countries have worked to reduce their emissions. In climatology, aerosol black carbon is a climate forcing agent contributing to Climate change, global warming. Black carbon warms the Earth by absorbing sunlight and heating the atmosp ...
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Carbon Black
Carbon black (with subtypes acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of coal tar, vegetable matter, or petroleum products, including fuel oil, fluid catalytic cracking tar, and ethylene cracking in a limited supply of air. Carbon black is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, albeit lower than that of activated carbon. It is dissimilar to soot in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower (negligible and non-bioavailable) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. Carbon black is used as a colorant and reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products and as a pigment and wear protection additive in plastics, paints, and ink pigment. It is used in the EU as a food colorant when produced from vegetable matter (E153). The current International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation is that, "Carbon black i ...
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Journal Of Occupational And Environmental Hygiene
The ''Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene'' is a monthly peer-reviewed journal covering occupational and environmental medicine, especially in regards to hygiene. It was established in 2004 by the merger of ''Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene'' and ''AIHA Journal''. It is published by Taylor & Francis along with the American Industrial Hygiene Association and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Michael D. Larrañaga. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2017 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 1.462. References External links *{{Official website, http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/uoeh20/current Environmental hea ...
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Environmental Pollution (journal)
''Environmental Pollution'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the biological, health, and ecological effects of environmental pollution. It was established in 1980 as two parts: ''Environmental Pollution Series A: Ecological and Biological'' and ''Environmental Pollution Series B: Chemical and Physical''. These parts were merged in 1987 to form the journal under its current title. It is published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are David O. Carpenter (University at Albany, SUNY) and Eddy Y. Zeng (Jinan University). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 8.071. References External links * {{Authority control Environmental science journals Academic journals establi ...
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Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics
''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics'' is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the European Geosciences Union. It covers research on the Earth's atmosphere and the underlying chemical and physical processes, including the altitude range from the land and ocean surface up to the turbopause, including the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. The main subject areas comprise atmospheric modelling, field measurements, remote sensing, and laboratory studies of gases, aerosols, clouds and precipitation, isotopes, radiation, dynamics, and biosphere and hydrosphere interactions. Article types published are research and review articles, technical notes, and commentaries. The journal has a two-stage publication process. In the first stage, papers that pass a rapid access peer-review are immediately published on the ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions'' forum website. They are then subject to interactive public peer review, including the referees' com ...
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Frontiers In Immunology
Frontiers Media SA is a publisher of peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journals currently active in science, technology, and medicine. It was founded in 2007 by Kamila and Henry Markram. Frontiers is based in Lausanne, Switzerland, with offices in the United Kingdom, Spain, and China. In 2022, Frontiers employed more than 1,400 people, across 14 countries. All Frontiers journals are published under a Creative Commons Attribution License. In 2015, Frontiers Media was classified as a possible predatory publisher by Jeffrey Beall, though Beall's list was taken offline two years later in a decision that remains controversial. History The first journal published was ''Frontiers in Neuroscience'', which opened for submission as a beta version in 2007. In 2010, Frontiers launched a series of another 11 journals in medicine and science. In February 2012, the Frontiers Research Network was launched, a social networking platform for researchers, intended to disseminate the open ...
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Journal Of Aerosol Science
The ''Journal of Aerosol Science'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of aerosols in multiple disciplines, including physics, chemistry, and engineering. It was established in 1970 and is published thirteen times per year. It is published by Elsevier in association with the European Aerosol Assembly. The editors-in-chief are Christopher J Hogan (University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis) and Min Hu (Peking University, Beijing). According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2021 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a type of journal ranking. Journals with higher impact factor values are considered more prestigious or important within their field. The Impact Factor of a journa ... of 4.586. References External links *{{Official website, https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-aerosol-science Multidisciplinary scientific journals Physics journals Chemistry journals ...
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