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Challenge Of The Quran
In Islam, ''’i‘jāz'' () or inimitability of the Qur’ān is the doctrine which holds that the Qur’ān has a miraculous quality, both in content and in form, that no human speech can match. According to this doctrine the Qur'an is a miracle and its inimitability is the proof granted to Muhammad (The Prophet of Islam) in authentication of his prophetic status. It serves the dual purpose of proving the authenticity of its divineness as being a source from the creator as well as proving the genuineness of Muhammad's (The Prophet of Islam) prophethood, an unlettered man who could neither read nor write, to whom it was revealed. History and sociology The concept of “I'jaz” (lit; challenging) existed in preislamic Arabic poetry as a tradition in the sense of challenging one's rivals and rendering them incapable of creating a similar one, and a large part of the Quran was in the "nature of poetry". The first works about the I'jaz of the Quran began to appear in the 9th c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
16th Century Koran Folio From Iran (detail)
16 (sixteen) is the natural number following 15 and preceding 17. It is the fourth power of two. In English speech, the numbers 16 and 60 are sometimes confused, as they sound similar. Mathematics 16 is the ninth composite number, and a square number: 42 = 4 × 4 (the first non-unitary fourth-power prime of the form ''p''4). It is the smallest number with exactly five divisors, its proper divisors being , , and . Sixteen is the only integer that equals ''m''''n'' and ''n''''m'', for some unequal integers ''m'' and ''n'' (m=4, n=2, or vice versa). It has this property because 2^=2\times 2. It is also equal to 32 (see tetration). The aliquot sum of 16 is 15, within an aliquot sequence of four composite members (16, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0) that belong to the prime 3-aliquot tree. *Sixteen is the largest known integer , for which 2^n+1 is prime. *It is the first Erdős–Woods number. *There are 16 partially ordered sets with four unlabeled elements. 16 is the only numb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batiniyya
Batiniyya () refers to groups that distinguish between an outer, exoteric ('' zāhir'') and an inner, esoteric ('' bāṭin'') meaning in Islamic scriptures. Ismaili Batiniya The term has been used in particular for an allegoristic type of scriptural interpretation developed among early Ismaili Shia groups, stressing the ''bāṭin'' meaning of texts. It has been retained by all branches of Isma'ilism and various Druze groups as well. The Alawites practice a similar system of interpretation. ''Batiniyya'' is a common epithet used to designate Isma'ili Islam, which has been accepted by Ismai'lis themselves. Sunni writers have used the term ''batiniyya'' polemically in reference to rejection of the evident meaning of scripture in favor of its ''bāṭin'' meaning. Al-Ghazali, a medieval Sunni theologian, used the term ''batiniyya'' pejoratively for the adherents of Isma'ilism. Some Shia writers have also used the term polemically. Sufi Batinya When the Islamic world of the F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim An-Nazzam
Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni‘ an-Naẓẓām () (c. 775 – c. 845) was an Arab Mu'tazilite theologian and poet. He was a nephew of the Mu'tazilite theologian Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf, and al-Jahiz was one of his students. Al-Naẓẓām served at the courts of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun. His theological doctrines and works are lost except for a few fragments. Views Beliefs Diverging from many of the diverse held views of his time, he was famous for his strong rejection of qiyas, which was accepted by both the Hanafites and Shafi’ites; of juristic preference, a pillar of Hanafite thought; of the doctrine of binding consensus, accepted by all of Sunni Islam; and of the records believed by many Muslims to accurately describe prophetic traditions as narrated by Abu Hurayra. Literal Interpretation of the Quran Al-Nazzam was noted to have rejected Qiyas entirely. He also believed that the Quran ought to be interpreted literally without any other sourc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Baqillani
Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib al-Bāqillānī (; 950 – 5 June 1013), was a Sunni Muslim scholar and polymath who specialized in speculative Islamic theology, jurisprudence, logic, and hadith. He spent much of his life defending and strengthening the Ash'ari school of theology within Islam. An accomplished rhetorical stylist and orator, al-Baqillani was held in high regard by his contemporaries for his expertise in debating theological and jurisprudential issues.Ansari, Hassan, Melvin-Koushki, Matthew, Tareh, Masoud, Khodaverdian, Shahram, Omidi, Jalil and Gholami, Rahim, “al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr”, in: ''Encyclopaedia Islamica'', Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Al-Dhahabi referred to him as "the learned imam, incomparable master, foremost of the scholars, author of many books, and example of articulateness and intelligence." Biography Born in Basra in 330 AH / 950 CE, he spent most of his life in Baghdad, and studied theology under two disc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quran With Exceptional Illumination (MIK I
The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which consist of individual verses ('). Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic, Arabic language. It is the object of a modern field of academic research known as Quranic studies. Muslims believe the Quran was orally revealed by God to the final Islamic Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophet Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad through the Angel#Islam, angel Gabriel#Islam, Gabriel incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning on the Night of Power, Laylat al-Qadr, when Muhammad was 40, and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important Islamic view of miracles, miracle, a proof of his prophet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Qahir Al-Jurjani
Abū Bakr, ‘Abd al-Qāhir ibn ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad al-Jurjānī (10091078 or 1081 AD 00 – 471 or 474 A.H.; nicknamed "Al-Naḥawī" (the grammarian), he was a renowned Persian grammarian of the Arabic language, literary theorist of the Muslim Shafi'i, and a follower of al-Ash'ari. He wrote several celebrated works on grammar and rhetoric, among these are '' Mi,ut Ạmil'' and ''Al-Jumal'' - introductions to Arabic syntax - and a commentary titled ''Al-Mughnī'' in three volumes. Al-Jurjānī is said to have never left his native town of Gorgan, Iran, yet his reputation in the twin sciences of ''ilm al balaghah'' (eloquence and rhetorical art) and ''ilm al bayan'' (a branch of Arabic rhetoric dealing with metaphorical language), reached many Arabic scholars who travelled to see him. His two books on these subjects, ''Asrār al-Balāghah'' (''Secrets of Rhetoric''), and ''Dalāʾīl al-ʿIjāz fi-l-Qurʾān'' (''Arguments of the Miraculous Inimitability of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oliver Leaman
Oliver Leaman (born 1950) is an American professor of philosophy and Zantker Professor of Judaic studies at the University of Kentucky, where he has been teaching since 2000. He specialized in the history of Islamic, Jewish, and Eastern philosophy. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge is a Public university, public collegiate university, collegiate research university in Cambridge, England. Founded in 1209, the University of Cambridge is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, wo ... in 1979. Books * ''An Introduction to Medieval Islamic Philosophy'', Cambridge University Press, 1985. * ''Death and Loss: Compassionate Attitudes in the Classroom'', Cassell, 1995. * ''Evil and Suffering in Jewish Philosophy'', Cambridge University Press, 1995 * ''History of Islamic Philosophy'', ed. S. H. Nasr & O. Leaman, Routledge, 1996 * ''Friendship East and West – Philosophical Perspectives'', ed. O. Leaman, Curzon, 1996 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resurrection
Resurrection or anastasis is the concept of coming back to life after death. Reincarnation is a similar process hypothesized by other religions involving the same person or deity returning to another body. The disappearance of a body is another similar but distinct belief in some religions. With the advent of written records, the earliest known recurrent theme of resurrection was in Egyptian and Canaanite religions, which had cults of dying-and-rising gods such as Osiris and Baal. Ancient Greek religion generally emphasised immortality, but in the mythos, a number of individuals were made physically immortal as they were resurrected from the dead. The universal resurrection of the dead at the end of the world is a standard eschatological belief in the Abrahamic religions. As a religious concept, resurrection is used in two distinct respects: # a belief in the ''individual resurrections'' of individual souls that is current and ongoing (e.g., Christian idealism, realized e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief that one God is the only, or at least the dominant deity.F. L. Cross, Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1974). "Monotheism". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. A distinction may be made between exclusive monotheism, in which the one God is a singular existence, and both inclusive and pluriform monotheism, in which multiple gods or godly forms are recognized, but each are postulated as extensions of the same God. Monotheism is distinguished from henotheism, a religious system in which the believer worships one god without denying that others may worship different gods with equal validity, and monolatry, monolatrism, the recognition of the existence of many gods but with the consistent worship of only one deity. The term ''monolatry'' was perhaps first used by Julius Wellhausen. Monotheism characterizes the traditions of Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic religions such as Judaism, Samaritanism, Christi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Folios From A Section (juz) Of A Qur’an, Sura 28,78-88; Sura 29,4 (S1995
The term "folio" () has three interconnected but distinct meanings in the world of books and printing: first, it is a term for a common method of arranging sheets of paper into book form, folding the sheet only once, and a term for a book made in this way; second, it is a general term for a sheet, leaf or page in (especially) manuscripts and old books; and third, it is an approximate term for the size of a book, and for a book of this size. First, a folio (abbreviated fo or 2o) is a book or pamphlet made up of one or more full sheets of paper, on each of which four pages of text are printed, two on each side; each sheet is then folded once to produce two leaves. Each leaf of a folio book thus is one half the size of the original sheet. Ordinarily, additional printed folio sheets would be inserted inside one another to form a group or "gathering" of leaves prior to binding the book. Second, folio is used in terms of page numbering for some books and most manuscripts that are b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Said Nursi
Said Nursi (1877Şükran Vahide, Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi, p 3. – 23 March 1960) was a Kurdish scholar of Islam who wrote the Risale-i Nur Collection, a body of Qur'anic commentary exceeding six thousand pages.Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, p. 482. Ian S. Markham; Suendam Birinci; Suendam Birinci Pirim (2011). An Introduction to Said Nursi: Life, Thought and Writings. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, p 194. . Believing that modern science and logic was the way of the future, he advocated teaching religious sciences in secular schools and modern sciences in religious schools. He is commonly known with the honorifics ''Bediüzzaman'' (بدیعالزمان; ) and ''Üstad'' (استاد; ) among his followers. Nursi inspired a religious movement that has played a vital role in the revival of Islam in Turkey and now numbers several millions of followers worldwid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mujaddid
A ''mujaddid'' () is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" () to the religion. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revitalize Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century. The concept is based on a ''hadith'' (a saying of Islamic prophet Muhammad),Neal Robinson (2013), Islam: A Concise Introduction, Routledge, , Chapter 7, pp. 85–89 recorded by Abu Dawood, narrated by Abu Hurairah who mentioned that Muhammad said: Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among different hadith viewers. Scholars such as Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people. ''Mujaddids'' can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders. List of Sunni claim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
