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Carboxylesterase
The enzyme carboxylesterase (or carboxylic-ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.1; systematic name carboxylic-ester hydrolase) catalysis, catalyzes reactions of the following form: :a Ester, carboxylic ester + H2O \rightleftharpoons an Alcohol (chemistry), alcohol + a carboxylate Most enzymes from this group are serine hydrolases belonging to the superfamily of proteins with α/β hydrolase fold. Some exceptions include an esterase with beta-lactamase, β-lactamase-like structure (). Carboxylesterases are widely distributed in nature, and are common in mammalian liver. Many participate in Drug metabolism#Phase I .E2.80.93 modification, phase I metabolism of xenobiotics such as toxins or drugs; the resulting carboxylates are then conjugation (biochemistry), conjugated by other enzymes to increase solubility and eventually excreted. The essential polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA Carbon, C20Hydrogen, H32Oxygen, O2; 20:Double bond, 4, Omega-6 fatty acid, n-6), formed by the synth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboxylesterase 1
Liver carboxylesterase 1 also known as carboxylesterase 1 (CES1, hCE-1 or CES1A1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CES1'' gene. The protein is also historically known as serine esterase 1 (SES1), monocyte esterase and cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH). Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. The various protein products from isoform a, b and c range in size from 568, 567 and 566 amino acids long, respectively. CES1 is present in most tissues with higher levels in the liver and low levels in the gastrointestinal tract. Function Carboxylesterase 1 is a serine esterase and member of a large multigene carboxylesterase family. It is also part of the alpha/beta hydrolase fold, alpha/beta fold hydrolase family. These enzymes are responsible for the hydrolysis of ester- and amide-bond-containing xenobiotics and drugs such as cocaine and heroin. They also hydrolyze long-chain fatty acid esters and thioesters. As part of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboxylesterase 2
Carboxylesterase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CES2'' gene. It is a member of the alpha/beta fold hydrolase family. Carboxylesterase 2 is a member of a large multigene family. The enzymes encoded by these genes are responsible for the hydrolysis of ester- and amide-bond-containing drugs such as cocaine and heroin. They also hydrolyze long-chain fatty acid esters and thioesters. The specific function of this enzyme has not yet been determined; however, it is speculated that carboxylesterases may play a role in lipid metabolism and/or the blood–brain barrier system. Two alternatively spliced Alternative splicing, alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative RNA splicing, splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to produce different splice variants. For example, some exons of a gene ma ... transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene. Interactive pathway map References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboxylesterase 3
Carboxylesterase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CES3'' gene. Function Carboxylesterase 3 is a member of a large multigene family. The enzymes encoded by these genes are responsible for the hydrolysis of ester- and amide-bond-containing drugs such as cocaine and heroin. They also hydrolyze long-chain fatty acid esters and thioesters. The specific function of this enzyme has not yet been determined; however, it is speculated that carboxylesterases may play a role in lipid metabolism and/or the blood–brain barrier The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane, semipermeable border of endothelium, endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system ... system. References Further reading * * * * * * * {{Portal bar, Biology, border=no EC 3.1.1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocaine Esterase
The chloride cocaine esterase (EC 3.1.1.84, CocE, hCE2, hCE-2, human carboxylesterase 2; systematic name cocaine benzoylhydrolase) catalyses the reaction : cocaine + H2O \rightleftharpoons ecgonine methyl ester + benzoate ''Rhodococcus'' sp. strain MB1 and '' Pseudomonas maltophilia'' strain MB11L can utilize cocaine as sole source of carbon and energy. The theoretical molecular mass is 62,128 Da. This enzyme and redesigned versions of it have been studied as a potential treatment for cocaine addiction in humans. TNX-1300 (T172R/G173Q double-mutant cocaine esterase 200 mg, ''i.v.'' solution) is being developed under an Investigational New Drug application (IND) for the treatment of cocaine intoxication. TNX-1300 (formerly known as RBP-8000) is a recombinant protein enzyme produced through rDNA technology in a non-disease-producing strain of ''E. coli'' bacteria. Cocaine Esterase (CocE) was identified in bacteria (''Rhodococcus'') that use cocaine as its sole source of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carboxylesterase Family
Carboxylesterase, type B is a family of evolutionarily related proteins that belongs to the superfamily of proteins with the Alpha/beta hydrolase fold. Higher eukaryotes have many distinct esterases. The different types include those that act on carboxylic esters (). Carboxyl-esterases have been classified into three categories (A, B and C) on the basis of differential patterns of inhibition by organophosphates. The sequence of a number of type-B carboxylesterases indicates that the majority are evolutionarily related. As is the case for lipases and serine proteases, the catalytic apparatus of esterases involves three residues (catalytic triad): a serine, a glutamate or aspartate and a histidine. Subfamilies * Neuroligin *Cholinesterase Examples Human genes that encode proteins containing the carboxylesterase domain include: * ACHE * ARACHE * BCHE * CEL * CES1 * CES2 * CES3 * CES4 * CES7 * CES8 * NLGN1 * NLGN2 * NLGN3 * NLGN4X * NLGN4Y * TG See also * Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalysis, catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters: : acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate It is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate cholinergic neurotransmission, synaptic transmission. It belongs to the carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides. Enzyme structure and mechanism AChE is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes choline esters. It has a very high catalytic activity—each molecule of AChE degrades about 5,000 molecules of acetylcholine (ACh) per second, approaching the limit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzyme
An enzyme () is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrate (chemistry), substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as product (chemistry), products. Almost all metabolism, metabolic processes in the cell (biology), cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme, pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts include Ribozyme, catalytic RNA molecules, also called ribozymes. They are sometimes descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omega-6 Fatty Acid
Omega−6 fatty acids (also referred to as ω−6 fatty acids or ''n''−6 fatty acids) are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that share a final carbon-carbon double bond in the ''n''−6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end. Health and medical organizations recommend intake of omega-6 fatty acids as part of healthful dietary patterns. Health effects The American Heart Association "supports an omega-6 PUFA intake of at least 5% to 10% of energy in the context of other AHA lifestyle and dietary recommendations. To reduce omega-6 PUFA intakes from their current levels would be more likely to increase than to decrease risk for coronary heart disease." A 2018 review found that an increased intake of omega−6 fatty acids reduces total serum cholesterol and may reduce myocardial infarction (heart attack), but found no significant change in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. A 2021 review found that omega−6 supplements do not affect the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CES4 (gene)
Westlock Airport is located east of Westlock, Alberta, Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun .... References External links *Westlock Flying Club on COPA's ''Places to Fly'' airport directory Registered aerodromes in Alberta Westlock County {{Alberta-airport-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
