|
Canon Cancrizans
A crab canon (also known by the Latin form of the name, ''canon cancrizans''; as well as ''retrograde canon'', ''canon per recte et retro'' or ''canon per rectus et inversus'')Kennedy, Michael (ed.). 1994. "Canon". The Oxford Dictionary of Music, associate editor, Joyce Bourne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. . is an arrangement of two musical lines that are complementary and backward. If the two lines were placed next to each other (as opposed to stacked), the lines would form something conceptually similar to a palindrome. The name 'crab' refers to the fact that crabs are known to walk backward (although they can also walk forward and sideways). It originally referred to a kind of canon in which one line is played backward (e.g. FABACEAE played simultaneously with EAECABAF). An example is found in J. S. Bach's ''The Musical Offering'', which also contains a table canon ("Quaerendo invenietis"), which combines retrogression with inversion by having one player turn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Requiescat Infini
Rest in peace (R.I.P.), a phrase from the Latin (), is sometimes used in traditional Christian services and prayers, such as in the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist denominations, to wish the soul of a decedent eternal rest and peace. It became ubiquitous on headstones in the 19th century, and is widely used today when mentioning someone's death. Description The phrase ''dormit in pace'' (English: " esleeps in peace") was found in the catacombs of the early Christians and indicated that "they died in the peace of the Church, that is, united in Christ." The abbreviation R.I.P., meaning ''Requiescat in pace'', "May he/she rest in peace" (present/subjunctive/active/3rd person/singular), continues to be engraved on the gravestones of Christians, especially in the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican denominations. In the Tridentine Requiem Mass of the Catholic Church the phrase appears several times. Other variations include "Requiescat in pace et in amore" for "May he/ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palindrome
A palindrome (Help:IPA/English, /ˈpæl.ɪn.droʊm/) is a word, palindromic number, number, phrase, or other sequence of symbols that reads the same backwards as forwards, such as ''madam'' or ''racecar'', the date "Twosday, 02/02/2020" and the sentence: "A man, a plan, a canal – Panama". The 19-letter Finnish language, Finnish word ''saippuakivikauppias'' (a soapstone vendor) is the longest single-word palindrome in everyday use, while the 12-letter term ''tattarrattat'' (from James Joyce in ''Ulysses (novel), Ulysses'') is the longest in English. The word ''palindrome'' was introduced by English poet and writer Henry Peacham (born 1578), Henry Peacham in 1638.Henry Peacham, ''The Truth of our Times Revealed out of One Mans Experience'', 1638p. 123 The concept of a palindrome can be dated to the 3rd-century BCE, although no examples survive. The earliest known examples are the 1st-century CE Latin acrostic word square, the Sator Square (which contains both word and senten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canon (music)
In music, a canon is a contrapuntal (counterpoint-based) compositional technique that employs a melody with one or more imitation (music), imitations of the melody played after a given duration (music), duration (e.g., quarter rest, one measure, etc.). The initial melody is called the leader (or ''dux''), while the imitative melody, which is played in a different part (music), voice, is called the follower (or ''comes''). The follower must imitate the leader, either as an exact replication of its rhythms and Interval (music), intervals or some transformation thereof. Repeating canons in which all voices are musically identical are called round (music), rounds—familiar singalong versions of "Row, Row, Row Your Boat" and "Frère Jacques" that call for each successive group of voices to begin the same song a bar or two after the previous group began are popular examples. An accompanied canon is a canon accompanied by one or more additional independent parts that do not imitate th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Musical Offering
''The Musical Offering'' (German: or ), BWV 1079, is a collection of keyboard canons and fugues and other pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach, all based on a single musical theme given to him by Frederick the Great (King Frederick II of Prussia), to whom they are dedicated. They were published in September 1747. The ''Ricercar a 6'', a six-voice fugue which is regarded as the high point of the entire work, was put forward by the musicologist Charles Rosen as the most significant piano composition in history (partly because it is one of the first). This ricercar is also occasionally called the ''Prussian Fugue'', a name used by Bach himself. History The collection has its roots in a meeting between Bach and Frederick II on May 7, 1747. The meeting, taking place at the king's residence in Potsdam, came about because Bach's son Carl Philipp Emanuel was employed there as court musician. Frederick wanted to show the elder Bach a novelty, the fortepiano, which had been invente ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Table Canon
A Table canon is a retrograde and inverse canon meant to be placed on a table in between two musicians, who both read the same line of music in opposite directions. As both parts are included in each single line, a second line is not needed. Bach's ''The Musical Offering'' contains a table canon. See also *Mirror canon *Crab canon A crab canon (also known by the Latin form of the name, ''canon cancrizans''; as well as ''retrograde canon'', ''canon per recte et retro'' or ''canon per rectus et inversus'')Kennedy, Michael (ed.). 1994. "Canon". The Oxford Dictionary of Musi ... References Polyphonic form Canon (music) {{Music-theory-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retrograde (music)
A melodic line that is the reverse of a previously or simultaneously stated line is said to be its retrograde or cancrizans ( "walking backward", medieval Latin, from ''cancer'' "crab"). An exact retrograde includes both the pitches and rhythms in reverse. An even more exact retrograde reverses the physical contour of the notes themselves, though this is possible only in electronic music. Some composers choose to subject just the pitches of a musical line to retrograde, or just the rhythms. In twelve-tone music, reversal of the pitch classes alone—regardless of the melodic contour created by their registral placement—is regarded as a retrograde. In modal and tonal music In treatises Retrograde was not mentioned in theoretical treatises prior to 1500.Newes, p. 218. Nicola Vicentino (1555) discussed the difficulty in finding canonic imitation: "At times, the fugue or canon cannot be discovered through the systems mentioned above, either because of the impediment of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melodic Inversion
In music theory, an inversion is a rearrangement of the top-to-bottom elements in an interval, a chord, a melody, or a group of contrapuntal lines of music. In each of these cases, "inversion" has a distinct but related meaning. The concept of inversion also plays an important role in musical set theory. Intervals An interval is inverted by raising or lowering either of the notes by one or more octaves so that the higher note becomes the lower note and vice versa. For example, the inversion of an interval consisting of a C with an E above it (the third measure below) is an E with a C above it – to work this out, the C may be moved up, the E may be lowered, or both may be moved. : The tables to the right show the changes in interval quality and interval number under inversion. Thus, perfect intervals remain perfect, major intervals become minor and vice versa, and augmented intervals become diminished and vice versa. (Doubly diminished intervals become doubly augme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gödel, Escher, Bach
''Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid'' (abbreviated as ''GEB'') is a 1979 nonfiction book by American cognitive scientist Douglas Hofstadter. By exploring common themes in the lives and works of logician Kurt Gödel, artist M. C. Escher, and composer Johann Sebastian Bach, the book expounds concepts fundamental to mathematics, symmetry, and intelligence. Through short stories, illustrations, and analysis, the book discusses how systems can acquire meaningful context despite being made of "meaningless" elements. It also discusses self-reference and formal rules, isomorphism, what it means to communicate, how knowledge can be represented and stored, the methods and limitations of symbolic representation, and even the fundamental notion of "meaning" itself. In response to confusion over the book's theme, Hofstadter emphasized that ''Gödel, Escher, Bach'' is not about the relationships of mathematics and art, mathematics, art, and music and mathematics, music, but rather ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Douglas Hofstadter
Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born 15 February 1945) is an American cognitive and computer scientist whose research includes concepts such as the sense of self in relation to the external world, consciousness, analogy-making, Strange loop, strange loops, artificial intelligence, and discovery in mathematics and physics. His 1979 book ''Gödel, Escher, Bach, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid'' won the Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction,"General Nonfiction" . ''Past winners and finalists by category''. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 17 March 2012. and a National Book Award (at that time called The American Book Award) for Science."National Book Awards – 1980" [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirror Canon
The mirror canon (also called a canon by contrary motion) is a type of canon (music), canon which involves the leading voice being played alongside its own Melodic inversion, inversion (i.e. upside-down). The realisation from the 'closed' (unrealised) form can be affected by placing the page in front of a mirror, thus upside down, and beginning with the already progressing first voice. The Canon a 2 'Quaerendo invenietis' from Johann Sebastian Bach, J. S. Bach's ''The Musical Offering'', BWV 1079, is a fine example of the process. In its original closed form, the alto clef and an upside-down bass clef indicate both the mirror procedure and the appropriate pitches of the voices for the purpose of realisation. A spectacular example of counterpoint, contrapuntal ingenuity can be found in the Double canon (music), double canon that forms the Minuet, trio section of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart's Serenade No. 12 (Mozart), Serenade for Wind Octet in C, K. 388. Here a pair of oboes a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphonic Form
Polyphony ( ) is a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice (monophony) or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony). Within the context of the Western musical tradition, the term ''polyphony'' is usually used to refer to music of the late Middle Ages and Renaissance. Baroque forms such as fugue, which might be called polyphonic, are usually described instead as contrapuntal. Also, as opposed to the ''species'' terminology of counterpoint, polyphony was generally either "pitch-against-pitch" / "point-against-point" or "sustained-pitch" in one part with melismas of varying lengths in another. In all cases the conception was probably what Margaret Bent (1999) calls "dyadic counterpoint", with each part being written generally against one other part, with all parts modified if needed in the end. This point-against-point conception is opposed to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
