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Calumet (pipe)
A ceremonial pipe is a particular type of smoking pipe (tobacco), smoking pipe, used by a number of cultures of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in their sacred ceremonies. Traditionally they are used to offer prayers in a religious ceremony, to make a ceremonial commitment, or to seal a Covenant (historical), covenant or treaty. The pipe ceremony may be a component of a larger ceremony, or held as a sacred ceremony in and of itself. Indigenous peoples of the Americas who use ceremonial pipes have names for them in each culture's Indigenous language. Not all cultures have pipe traditions, and there is no single word for all ceremonial pipes across the hundreds of diverse Native American languages. Use in ceremonies Although often called "peace pipes" by Europeans (and, specifically, ''calumet de la paix'', by the French), the smoking of a ceremonial pipe to seal a peace treaty is only one use of a ceremonial smoking pipe, by only some of the nations that utilize them. Vari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chanunpa
Chanunpa (, ''Chanupa'', or ''Canupa'') is the Lakota language name for the sacred, ceremonial pipe and the ceremony in which it is used. The pipe ceremony is one of the Seven Sacred Rites of the Lakota people. Lakota tradition has it that White Buffalo Calf Woman brought the chanunpa to the people, as one of the Seven Sacred Rites, to serve as a sacred bridge between this world and Wakan Tanka, the "Great Mystery". The chanunpa is one means of conveying prayers to the Creator and the other sacred beings. The various parts of the pipe have symbolic meanings, and much of this symbolism is not shared with those outside the culture. While sacred pipes of various designs are used in ceremonies by a number of different Indigenous peoples of the Americas, chanunpa is specifically the Lakota name for their type of ceremonial pipe and ceremony. Other nations have their own names for their pipes and ceremonies, in their particular Indigenous languages. References See also *Ceremonial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Iowa
The University of Iowa (U of I, UIowa, or Iowa) is a public university, public research university in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized into 12 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and 7 professional degrees. On an urban 1,880-acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River, the University of Iowa is Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". In fiscal year 2021, research expenditures at Iowa totaled $818 million. The university was the original developer of the Master of Fine Arts degree, and it operates the Iowa Writers' Workshop, whose alumni include 17 of the university's 46 Pulitzer Prize winners. Iowa is a member of the Association of American Universities and the Universities Research Association. Among public universities in the United States, UI was the first to beco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catlinite
Catlinite, also called pipestone, is a type of argillite (metamorphosed mudstone), usually brownish-red in color, which occurs in a matrix of Sioux Quartzite. Because it is fine-grained and easily worked, it is prized by Native Americans, primarily those of the Plains nations, for use in making ceremonial pipes, known as chanunpas (). Pipestone quarries are located and preserved in Pipestone National Monument outside Pipestone, Minnesota, in Pipestone County, Minnesota, and at the Pipestone River in Ontario, Canada. Name The term ''Catlinite'' came into use after the American painter George Catlin visited the quarries in Minnesota in 1835; but it was Philander Prescott who first wrote about the rock in 1832, noting that evidence indicated that American Indians had been using the quarries since at least as far back as 1637. Catlinite properties and quarries Minnesota catlinite is buttery smooth and can be cut with a regular hacksaw or even a knife. It comes out of the g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Midwest
The Upper Midwest is a northern subregion of the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwestern United States. Although the exact boundaries are not uniformly agreed upon, the region is usually defined to include the states of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin; some definitions include North Dakota, South Dakota, and parts of Nebraska and Illinois. Definitions The National Centers for Environmental Information considers the Upper Midwest climate region to include Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The United States Geological Survey uses two different Upper Midwest regions: *The USGS Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center considers it to be the six states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, which comprise the watersheds of the Upper Mississippi River and upper Great Lakes. *The USGS Mineral Resources Program considers the area to contain Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. The Association for Institutional Research in the Uppe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinnikinnick
Kinnikinnick is a Native American and First Nations herbal smoking mixture, made from a traditional combination of leaves or barks. Recipes for the mixture vary, as do the uses, from social, to spiritual to medicinal. Etymology The term ''kinnikinnick'' derives from the Unami Delaware , (''cf.'' Ojibwe 'to mix ''something animate'' with ''something inanimate'''), from Proto-Algonquian , . By extension, the name was also applied by the colonial European hunters, traders, and settlers to various shrubs of which the bark or leaves are traditionally smoked,"Kinnikinnick" in Frederick Webb Hodge (editor) ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington: 1911). Part 1, page 692. most often bearberry (''Arctostaphylos spp.'') and to lesser degree, the medicinal plants red osier dogwood ('' Cornus sericea''), silky cornel (''Cornus amomum''), Canadian bunchberry (''Cornus canadensis''), evergreen sumac ('' Rhus virens''), littleleaf sumac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicotiana Rustica
''Nicotiana rustica'', commonly known as Aztec tobacco or strong tobacco, is a rainforest plant in the family Solanaceae native to South America. It is a very potent variety of tobacco, containing up to nine times more nicotine than common species of ''Nicotiana'' such as ''Nicotiana tabacum'' (common tobacco). More specifically, ''N. rustica'' leaves have a nicotine content as high as 9%, whereas ''N. tabacum'' leaves contain about 1 to 3%. The high concentration of nicotine in its leaves makes it useful for producing pesticides, and it has a wide variety of uses specific to cultures around the world. However, ''N. rustica'' is no longer cultivated in North America, (except in small quantities by certain Native American tribes) as ''N. tabacum'' has replaced it. Uses South America ''Nicotiana rustica'' is called ''mapacho'' in South America. It is often used for entheogenic purposes by South American shamans, because of the comparatively high levels of harmala alkaloids and nic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Hawk Calumet
Black is a color that results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, without chroma, like white and grey. It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness.Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 105–26. Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as good and evil, the Dark Ages versus the Age of Enlightenment, and night versus day. Since the Middle Ages, black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates. Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings. It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the underworld. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death, evil, witches, and magic. In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges, and government of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Umatilla Language
Umatilla (Tamalúut or Imatalamłaamí Sɨ́nwit) is a variety of Southern Sahaptin, part of the Sahaptian subfamily of the Plateau Penutian group. It was spoken during late aboriginal times along the Columbia River and is therefore also called Columbia River Sahaptin. It is currently spoken as a first language by a few dozen elders and some adults in the Umatilla Reservation in Oregon. Some sources say that ''Umatilla'' is derived from ''imatilám-hlama'': ''hlama'' means 'those living at' or 'people of' and there is an ongoing debate about the meaning of ''imatilám'', but it is said to be an island in the Columbia River. B. Rigsby and N. Rude mention the village of ''ímatalam'' that was situated at the mouth of the Umatilla River and where the language was spoken. The Umatillas pronounce the word ''ímatalam''. A Umatilla person is called ''imatalamłá'' (with orthographic ł representing IPA /ɬ/) and the Umatilla people are called ''imatalamłáma''. The Nez Perce ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potawatomi
The Potawatomi (), also spelled Pottawatomi and Pottawatomie (among many variations), are a Native American tribe of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. They are additionally First Nations in Canada. The Potawatomi call themselves ''Neshnabé'', a cognate of the word ''Anishinaabe''. The Potawatomi are part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi are considered the "youngest brother". Their people are referred to in this context as ''Bodéwadmi'', a name that means "keepers of the fire" and refers to the council fire of three peoples. In the 19th century, some bands of Potawatomi were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment. In the 1830s the federal government removed most from their lands east of the Mississippi River to Indian Territo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calumet Region
The Calumet Region is the geographic area drained by the Grand Calumet River and the Little Calumet River of northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana in the United States. It is part of the Great Lakes Basin, which eventually reaches the Atlantic Ocean. It is a sub-region of the greater Northwest Indiana region and the even larger Great Lakes region. This region includes the northern parts of Lake and Porter counties and the western portion of La Porte county in Indiana, as well as the eastern counties of northern Illinois, Will and Cook. Since much of this region is on the south shore of Lake Michigan, it is sometimes referred to as the "South Shore". Because it was initially cut off from the rest of the state due to natural geographic barriers like the Kankakee Marsh to the south, the Calumet Region was the last-settled portion of Indiana. The area is known for its industrial heritage and history as a center for production of steel, minerals and chemicals. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cauchois Dialect
Cauchois (; ) is one of the eastern dialects of the Norman language that is spoken in and takes its name from the Pays de Caux region of the Seine-Maritime department. Status The Pays de Caux is one of the remaining strongholds of the Norman language outside the Cotentin. Statistics give a wide range of interpretations as to numbers of speakers: between 0.3% and 19.1% of residents of Seine-Maritime identify themselves as speakers of Cauchois. Phonology These are some distinguishing features of Cauchois from other Norman dialects: *the absence of /h/ *the loss of /r/ between vowels *a greater tendency to metathesis (linguistics), metathesis than in western dialects: instead of (English ''I''), instead of (''of''), instead of (''that''), instead of (''the'') Literature The ''Purin'' literature of the 17th and 18th centuries, published in Rouen, is the earliest Norman literature displaying Cauchois features.''La Normandie dialectale'', René Lepelley, Caen 1999, However, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
