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Butyryl–CoA
Butyryl-CoA (or butyryl-coenzyme A, butanoyl-CoA) is an Organic compound, organic coenzyme A-containing derivative of butyric acid. It is a natural product found in many biological pathways, such as fatty acid metabolism (Fatty acid degradation, degradation and Fatty acid synthesis, elongation), fermentation, and 4-aminobutanoate (GABA) degradation. It mostly participates as an intermediate, a precursor to and converted from crotonyl-CoA. This interconversion is mediated by butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase. From redox data, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase shows little to no activity at pH higher than 7.0. This is important as enzyme midpoint potential is at pH 7.0 and at 25 °C. Therefore, changes above from this value will denature the enzyme. Within the human colon, butyrate helps supply energy to the gut epithelium and helps regulate cell responses. Butyryl-CoA has a very high calculated potential Gibbs energy, -462.53937 kcal/mol, stored at its bond with CoA. Reaction Fatty acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyric Acid
Butyric acid (; from , meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula . It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. The acid does not occur widely in nature, but its esters are widespread. It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut. History Butyric acid was first observed in an impure form in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. However, Chevreul did not publish his early research on butyric acid; instead, he deposited his findings in manuscript form with the secretary of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. Henri Braconnot, another French chemist, was also researching the composition of butter and was publishing his findings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butanoate
Butyric acid (; from , meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula . It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. The acid does not occur widely in nature, but its esters are widespread. It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut. History Butyric acid was first observed in an impure form in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. However, Chevreul did not publish his early research on butyric acid; instead, he deposited his findings in manuscript form with the secretary of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. Henri Braconnot, another French chemist, was also researching the composition of butter and was publishing his findings and thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon. For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane ) and its derivatives are universally considered organic, but many others are sometimes considered inorganic, such as certain compounds of carbon with nitrogen and oxygen (e.g. cyanide ion , hydrogen cyanide , chloroformic acid , carbon dioxide , and carbonate ion ). Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, and even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferredoxin
Ferredoxins (from Latin ''ferrum'': iron + redox, often abbreviated "fd") are iron–sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions. The term "ferredoxin" was coined by D.C. Wharton of the DuPont Co. and applied to the "iron protein" first purified in 1962 by Mortenson, Valentine, and Carnahan from the anaerobic organism, anaerobic bacterium ''Clostridium pasteurianum''. Another redox protein, isolated from spinach chloroplasts, was termed "chloroplast ferredoxin". The chloroplast ferredoxin is involved in both cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation reactions of photosynthesis. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, ferredoxin is the last electron acceptor thus reducing the enzyme NADP+ reductase. It accepts electrons produced from sunlight-Electron excitation, excited chlorophyll and transfers them to the enzyme ferredoxin: NADP+ oxidoreductase . Ferredoxins are small proteins containing iron and sulfur atoms organized as iron–sulfur clusters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Succinate Semialdehyde
Succinic semialdehyde (SSA) is a GABA and GHB metabolite. It is formed from GABA by the action of GABA transaminase (4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase) and further oxidised to become succinic acid, which enters TCA cycle. SSA is oxidized into succinic acid by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which uses NAD+ as a cofactor.  When the oxidation of succinic semialdehyde to succinic acid is impaired, accumulation of succinic semialdehyde takes place which leads to succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. In addition to the pathway involving GABA transaminase, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) can also be metabolized to SSA via GHB dehydrogenase or by GHB transhydrogenase (D-2-hydroxyglutarate transhydrogenase). See also * Transaminase Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins. Function and mechan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonium
Ammonium is a modified form of ammonia that has an extra hydrogen atom. It is a positively charged (cationic) polyatomic ion, molecular ion with the chemical formula or . It is formed by the protonation, addition of a proton (a hydrogen nucleus) to ammonia (). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged (protonated) substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations (), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by Organic compound, organic or other groups (indicated by R). Not only is ammonium a source of nitrogen and a key metabolite for many living organisms, but it is an integral part of the global nitrogen cycle. As such, human impact in recent years could have an effect on the biological communities that depend on it. Acid–base properties The ammonium ion is generated when ammonia, a weak base, reacts with Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Brønsted acids (proton donors): : The ammonium ion is mildly acidic, reacting with Brønsted bases to return ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L-glutamate
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; known as glutamate in its anionic form) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is a non-essential nutrient for humans, meaning that the human body can synthesize enough for its use. It is also the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It serves as the precursor for the synthesis of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in GABAergic neurons. Its molecular formula is . Glutamic acid exists in two optically isomeric forms; the dextrorotatory -form is usually obtained by hydrolysis of gluten or from the waste waters of beet-sugar manufacture or by fermentation.Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, Third Edition, 1971. Its molecular structure could be idealized as HOOC−CH()−()2−COOH, with two carboxyl groups −COOH and one amino group −. However, in the solid state and mildly acidic water solutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudomonas Fluorescens
''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' is a common Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. It belongs to the ''Pseudomonas'' genus; 16S rRNA analysis as well as phylogenomic analysis has placed ''P. fluorescens'' in the ''P. fluorescens'' group within the genus, Text was copied from this source, which is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License to which it lends its name. General characteristics ''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' has multiple flagella, an extremely versatile metabolism, and can be found in the soil and in water. It is an obligate aerobe, but certain strains are capable of using nitrate instead of oxygen as a final electron acceptor during cellular respiration. Optimal temperatures for growth of ''P. fluorescens'' are 25–30° C. It tests positive for the oxidase test, and is also a nonsaccharolytic bacterial species. Heat-stable lipases and proteases are produced by ''P. fluorescens'' and other similar pseudomonads. These enzymes cause milk to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetoanaerobium Sticklandii
''Acetoanaerobium sticklandii'' is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium. It was first isolated in 1954 from the black mud of the San Francisco Bay Area by T.C. Stadtman, who also named the species. ''A. sticklandii'' is not pathogenic in humans. Biology and biochemistry ''Acetoanaerobium sticklandii'' ferment amino acids by using the Stickland reaction, which couples the oxidation of one amino acid and the reduction of another. L.H. Stickland described this process in 1934. The enzymes in the Stickland reaction are D-proline reductase (an electron acceptor) and Glycine reductase. ''A. sticklandii'' preferentially utilize threonine, arginine, serine, cysteine, proline, and glycine during the growth phase and lysine during the stationary phase, while excreting glutamate, aspartate and alanine. Selenoproteins can be found in the genome of ''A. sticklandii''. One such selenoprotein, glycine reductase A was first identified in ''A. sticklandii''. ''A. sticklandii'' uses a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Γ-Aminobutyric Acid
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid, γ-aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system. Its principal role is reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. GABA is sold as a dietary supplement in many countries. It has been traditionally thought that exogenous GABA (i.e., taken as a supplement) does not cross the blood–brain barrier, but data obtained from more recent research (2010s) in rats describes the notion as being unclear. The carboxylate form of GABA is γ-aminobutyrate. Function Neurotransmitter Two general classes of GABA receptor are known: * GABAA in which the receptor is part of a ligand-gated ion channel complex * GABAB metabotropic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that open or close ion channels via intermediaries (G proteins) Neurons that produce GABA as their output are called GABAergic neurons, and have chiefly inhibitory action at receptors in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overview Of GABA Degradation
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Overview may refer to: * Overview article, an article that summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic * Overview map, generalised view of a geographic area See also * Summary (other) * Outline (list) * ''A Brief Overview'' * Overview and Scrutiny * Overview effect The overview effect is a cognitive shift reported by some astronauts while viewing the Earth from outer space, space. Researchers have characterized the effect as "a state of awe with self-transcendence, self-transcendent qualities, precipitated b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
