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Bus Encoding
Bus encoding refers to converting/encoding a piece of data to another form before launching on the bus (computing), bus. While bus encoding can be used to serve various purposes like reducing the number of pins, compressing the data to be transmitted, reducing cross-talk between bit lines, etc., it is one of the popular techniques used in system design to reduce dynamic power consumed by the system bus. Bus encoding aims to reduce the Hamming distance between 2 consecutive values on the bus. Since the activity is directly proportional to the Hamming distance, bus encoding proves to be effective in reducing the overall activity factor thereby reducing the dynamic power consumption in the system. In the context of this article, a system can refer to anything where data is transferred from one element to another over bus (viz. System on a Chip (SoC), a computer system, an embedded system on board, etc.). Motivation Power consumption in electronic systems is a matter of concern today ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bus (computing)
In computer architecture, a bus (historically also called a data highway or databus) is a communication system that transfers Data (computing), data between components inside a computer or between computers. It encompasses both Computer hardware, hardware (e.g., wires, optical fiber) and software, including communication protocols. At its core, a bus is a shared physical pathway, typically composed of wires, traces on a circuit board, or busbars, that allows multiple devices to communicate. To prevent conflicts and ensure orderly data exchange, buses rely on a communication protocol to manage which device can transmit data at a given time. Buses are categorized based on their role, such as system buses (also known as internal buses, internal data buses, or memory buses) connecting the Central processing unit, CPU and Computer memory, memory. Expansion buses, also called peripheral buses, extend the system to connect additional devices, including peripherals. Examples of widely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constant-weight Code
In coding theory, a constant-weight code, also called an ''m''-of-''n'' code or ''m''-out-of-''n'' code, is an error detection and correction code where all codewords share the same Hamming weight. The one-hot code and the balanced code are two widely used kinds of constant-weight code. The theory is closely connected to that of designs (such as ''t''-designs and Steiner systems). Most of the work on this field of discrete mathematics is concerned with ''binary'' constant-weight codes. Binary constant-weight codes have several applications, including frequency hopping in GSM networks.D. H. Smith, L. A. Hughes and S. Perkins (2006).A New Table of Constant Weight Codes of Length Greater than 28. ''The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics'' 13. Most barcodes use a binary constant-weight code to simplify automatically setting the brightness threshold that distinguishes black and white stripes. Most line codes use either a constant-weight code, or a nearly-constant-weight pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Green Computing
Green computing, green IT (Information Technology), or Information and Communication Technology Sustainability, is the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT. The goals of green computing include optimising energy efficiency during the product's lifecycle; leveraging greener energy sources to power the product and its network; improving the reusability, maintainability, and repairability of the product to extend its lifecycle; improving the recyclability or biodegradability of e-waste to support circular economy ambitions; and aligning the manufacture and use of IT systems with environmental and social goals. Green computing is important for all classes of systems, ranging from handheld systems to large-scale data centers. Many corporate IT departments have green computing initiatives to reduce the environmental effect of their IT operations.E. Curry, B. Guyon, C. Sheridan, and B. Donnellan“Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glitch Removal
Glitch removal is the elimination of Glitch#Electronics glitch, glitchesunnecessary signal transitions without functionalityfrom electronic circuits. Power dissipation of a gate occurs in two ways: static power dissipation and dynamic power dissipation. Glitch power comes under dynamic dissipation in the circuit and is directly proportional to switching activity. Glitch power dissipation is 20%–70% of total power dissipation and hence glitching should be eliminated for low power design. Switching activity occurs due to signal transitions which are of two types: functional transition and a glitch. Switching power dissipation is directly proportional to the switching activity (α), load capacitance (C), Supply voltage (V), and clock frequency (''f'') as: : P = α·C·V2·''f'' Switching activity means transition to different levels. Glitches are dependent on signal transitions and more glitches results in higher power dissipation. As per above equation switching power dissipation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Low Power Electronics
Low-power electronics are electronics designed to consume less electrical power than usual, often at some expense. For example, notebook processors usually consume less power than their desktop counterparts, at the expense of computer performance. History Watches The earliest attempts to reduce the amount of power required by an electronic device were related to the development of the wristwatch. Electronic watches require electricity as a power source, and some mechanical movements and hybrid electromechanical movements also require electricity. Usually, the electricity is provided by a replaceable battery. The first use of electrical power in watches was as a substitute for the mainspring, to remove the need for winding. The first electrically powered watch, the Hamilton Electric 500, was released in 1957 by the Hamilton Watch Company of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The first quartz wristwatches were manufactured in 1967, using analog hands to display the time. Eric A. Vi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CPU Power Dissipation
Processor power dissipation or processing unit power dissipation is the process in which computer processors consume electrical energy, and dissipate this energy in the form of heat due to the resistance in the electronic circuits. Power management Designing CPUs that perform tasks efficiently without overheating is a major consideration of nearly all CPU manufacturers to date. Historically, early CPUs implemented with vacuum tubes consumed power on the order of many kilowatts. Current CPUs in general-purpose personal computers, such as desktops and laptops, consume power in the order of tens to hundreds of watts. Some other CPU implementations use very little power; for example, the CPUs in mobile phones often use just a few watts of electricity, while some microcontrollers used in embedded systems may consume only a few milliwatts or even as little as a few microwatts. There are a number of engineering reasons for this pattern: * For a given CPU core, energy usage will sc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bijection
In mathematics, a bijection, bijective function, or one-to-one correspondence is a function between two sets such that each element of the second set (the codomain) is the image of exactly one element of the first set (the domain). Equivalently, a bijection is a relation between two sets such that each element of either set is paired with exactly one element of the other set. A function is bijective if it is invertible; that is, a function f:X\to Y is bijective if and only if there is a function g:Y\to X, the ''inverse'' of , such that each of the two ways for composing the two functions produces an identity function: g(f(x)) = x for each x in X and f(g(y)) = y for each y in Y. For example, the ''multiplication by two'' defines a bijection from the integers to the even numbers, which has the ''division by two'' as its inverse function. A function is bijective if and only if it is both injective (or ''one-to-one'')—meaning that each element in the codomain is mappe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dynamic Random-access Memory
Dynamics (from Greek language, Greek δυναμικός ''dynamikos'' "powerful", from δύναμις ''dynamis'' "power (other), power") or dynamic may refer to: Physics and engineering * Dynamics (mechanics), the study of forces and their effect on motion Brands and enterprises * Dynamic (record label), an Italian record label in Genoa Mathematics * Dynamical system, a concept describing a point's time dependency ** Topological dynamics, the study of dynamical systems from the viewpoint of general topology * Symbolic dynamics, a method to model dynamical systems Social science * Group dynamics, the study of social group processes especially * Population dynamics, in life sciences, the changes in the composition of a population * Psychodynamics, the study of psychological forces driving human behavior * Social dynamics, the ability of a society to react to changes * Spiral Dynamics, a social development theory Other uses * Dynamics (music), the softness or loudn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conventional PCI
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a local computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer and is part of the PCI Local Bus standard. The PCI bus supports the functions found on a processor bus but in a standardized format that is independent of any given processor's native bus. Devices connected to the PCI bus appear to a bus master to be connected directly to its own bus and are assigned addresses in the processor's address space. It is a parallel bus, synchronous to a single bus clock. Attached devices can take either the form of an integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard (called a ''planar device'' in the PCI specification) or an expansion card that fits into a slot. The PCI Local Bus was first implemented in IBM PC compatibles, where it displaced the combination of several slow Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) slots and one fast VESA Local Bus (VLB) slot as the bus configuration. It has subsequently been adopted for other computer type ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TV Typewriter
The TV Typewriter is a video terminal that could display two pages of 16 lines of 32 upper case characters on a standard television set. The design, by Don Lancaster, appeared on the cover of ''Radio-Electronics'' magazine in September 1973. The magazine included a 6-page description of the design but readers could send off for a 16-page package of construction details. ''Radio-Electronics'' sold thousands of copies for $2.00 each. The TV Typewriter is considered a milestone in the home computer revolution along with the Mark-8 and Altair 8800 computers. "A giant step toward the realization of the personal-computer dream happened in 1973, when Radio Electronics published an article by Don Lancaster that described a 'TV Typewriter'.""One influential project was the TV-Typewriter, designed by Don Lancaster and published in ''Radio-Electronics'' in September 1973." Sometimes the term was used generically for any interactive computer display on a screen; until CRT displays were develo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camera Serial Interface
The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) is a specification of the Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) Alliance. It defines an interface between a camera A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. As a pivotal technology in the fields of photograp ... and a host processor. The latest active interface specifications are CSI-2 v4.1 (April 2024), CSI-3 v1.1 (March 2014), and CCS v1.1.1 (April 2023). Standards CSI-1 CSI-1 was the original standard MIPI interface for cameras. It emerged as an architecture to define the interface between a camera and a host processor. Its successors were MIPI CSI-2 and MIPI CSI-3, two standards that are still evolving. CSI-2 The MIPI CSI-2 v1.0 specification was released in 2005. It uses either D-PHY or C-PHY (Both standards are set by the MIPI Alliance) as a physical layer option. The pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Differential Signaling
Differential signalling is a method for electrically transmitting information using two complementary signals. The technique sends the same electrical signal as a differential pair of signals, each in its own conductor. The pair of conductors can be wires in a twisted-pair or ribbon cable or traces on a printed circuit board. Electrically, the two conductors carry voltage signals which are equal in magnitude, but of opposite polarity. The receiving circuit responds to the difference between the two signals, which results in a signal with a magnitude twice as large. The symmetrical signals of differential signalling may be referred to as ''balanced'', but this term is more appropriately applied to balanced circuits and balanced lines which reject common-mode interference when fed into a differential receiver. Differential signalling does not make a line balanced, nor does noise rejection in balanced circuits require differential signalling. Differential signalli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
