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Buffalo Wallow
A buffalo wallow or bison wallow is a natural topographical depression in flat prairie land that holds rain water and runoff. Though thriving bison herds roamed and grazed the great prairies of North America for thousands of years, they left few permanent markings on the landscape. Exceptions are the somewhat rare yet still visible ancient buffalo wallows found occasionally on the North American prairie flatlands. Originally these naturally-occurring depressions would have served as temporary watering holes for wildlife, including the American bison (buffalo). Wallowing bison that drank from and bathed in these shallow water holes gradually altered their pristine nature. Each time they went away, they carried mud with them from the hole, thus enlarging the wallow. Furthermore, the wallowing action caused abrasion of hair, natural body oils and cellular debris from their hides, leaving the debris in the water and in the soil after the water evaporated. Every year debris accumula ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johnson 1920 HighPlains
Johnson may refer to: People and fictional characters *Johnson (surname), a common surname in English *Johnson (given name), a list of people * List of people with surname Johnson, including fictional characters *Johnson (composer) (1953–2011), Indian film score composer *Johnson (rapper) (born 1979), Danish rapper *Mr. Johnson (born 1966), Nigerian singer Places * Mount Johnson (other) Canada * Johnson, Ontario, township * Johnson (electoral district), provincial electoral district in Quebec * Johnson Point (British Columbia), a headland on the north side of the entrance to Belize Inlet United States * Johnson, Arizona * Johnson, Arkansas, a town * Johnson, Delaware * Johnson, Indiana, an unincorporated town * Johnson, Kentucky * Johnson, Minnesota * Johnson, Nebraska * Johnson, New York * Johnson, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Johnson, Oklahoma * Johnson, Utah * Johnson, Vermont, a town ** Johnson (village), Vermont * Johnson, Washington * Johnson, Wiscons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prairie
Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type. Temperate grassland regions include the Pampas of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and the steppe of Romania, Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Lands typically referred to as "prairie" (a French loan word) tend to be in North America. The term encompasses the lower and mid-latitude of the area referred to as the Interior Plains of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It includes all of the Great Plains as well as the wetter, hillier land to the east. From west to east, generally the drier expanse of shortgrass prairie gives way to mixed grass prairie and ultimately the richer and wetter soils of the tallgrass prairie. In the U.S., the area is constituted by most or all of the states, from north to south, of North ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Surface Runoff
Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to ''channel runoff'' (or ''stream flow''). It occurs when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil. This can occur when the soil is #Saturation excess overland flow, saturated by water to its full capacity, and the rain arrives #Infiltration excess overland flow, more quickly than the soil can absorb it. Surface runoff often occurs because wikt:impervious#Adjective, impervious areas (such as roofs and Road surface, pavement) do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore, runoff can occur either through natural or human-made processes. Surface runoff is a major component of the water cycle. It is the primary agent of Soil erosion#Rainfall and runoff, soil erosion by water. The land area producing runoff that drains to a common point is called a drainage basin. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Bison
The American bison (''Bison bison''; : ''bison''), commonly known as the American buffalo, or simply buffalo (not to be confused with Bubalina, true buffalo), is a species of bison that is endemic species, endemic (or native) to North America. It is one of two extant species of bison, along with the European bison. Its habitat, historical range ''circa'' 9000 BC is referred to as the great bison belt, a tract of rich grassland spanning from Alaska south to the Gulf of Mexico, and east to the Atlantic Seaboard (nearly to the Atlantic tidewater (geographic term), tidewater in some areas), as far north as New York (state), New York, south to Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, and according to some sources, further south to northern Florida, with sightings in North Carolina near Buffalo Ford on the Catawba River as late as 1750. Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the plains bison (''B. b. bison''), smaller and with a more rounded hump; and the wood bison (''B. b. athabascae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wallowing In Animals
Wallowing in animals is comfort behaviour during which an animal rolls about or lies in mud, water or snow. Some definitions include rolling about in dust, however, in ethology this is usually referred to as dust bathing. Wallowing is often combined with other behaviours to fulfil its purpose; for example, elephants will often blow dirt over themselves after wallowing to create a thicker "coating", or pigs will allow the mud to dry before rubbing themselves on a tree or rock to remove ectoparasites stuck in the mud. Functions Many functions of wallowing have been proposed although not all have been tested by rigorous scientific investigation. Proposed functions include: *Thermoregulation – domestic pigs (''Sus scrofa''), great Indian rhinoceros (''Rhinoceros unicornis''), warthogs (''Phacochoerus aethiopicus''), elephants (family Elephantidae) *Providing a sunscreen – pigs, warthogs, elephants *Male-male conflict social behaviour – elk (''Cervus elaphus''), European bi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kirk Munroe
Kirk Munroe (September 15, 1850 – June 16, 1930) was an American writer and conservationist. Biography Born Charles Kirk Munroe in a log cabin near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, Munroe was the son of Charles and Susan (Hall) Munroe. His youth was spent on the frontier, after which his family moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he attended school until he was sixteen. He publicly dropped "Charles" from his name in 1883. In 1876, Kirk Munroe was hired as a reporter for the ''New York Sun''. Three years later he became the first editor of ''Harper's Young People'' magazine; he resigned in 1881. From 1879 to 1884, he was the commodore of New York Canoe club. During this time he helped found the League of American Wheelmen with Charles E. Pratt on May 31, 1880. Munroe was the Wheelmen's first Commander. He married Mary Barr, daughter of Amelia E. Barr on September 15, 1883. The couple settled in Coconut Grove, Miami, Florida, in 1886. Mary accompanied him on several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Buffalo
The water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis''), also called domestic water buffalo, Asian water buffalo and Asiatic water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Today, it is also kept in Italy, the Balkans, Australia, North America, South America and some African countries. Two extant Type (biology), types of water buffalo are recognized, based on Morphology (biology), morphological and Ethology, behavioural criteria: the river buffalo of the Indian subcontinent and further west to the Balkans, Egypt and Italy; and the swamp buffalo from Assam in the west through Southeast Asia to the Yangtze Valley of China in the east. The wild water buffalo (''Bubalus arnee'') is most probably the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo. Results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the river-type water buffalo probably originated in western India and was domesticated about 6,300 years ago, whereas the swamp-type originated independently from Mainland Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African Buffalo
The African buffalo (''Syncerus caffer)'' is a large sub-Saharan African bovine. The adult African buffalo's horns are its characteristic feature: they have fused bases, forming a continuous bone shield across the top of the head, referred to as a "boss". The African buffalo is more closely related to other buffalo species than it is to other bovids such as American bison or domestic cattle, with its closest living relative being the Asian water buffalo. Its unpredictable temperament may be part of the reason that the African buffalo has never been domesticated, which would also explain why the African buffalo has no domesticated descendants, unlike the wild yak and wild water buffalo which are the ancestors of the Yak, domestic yak and water buffalo. Natural predators of adult African buffaloes include lions, African wild dogs, spotted hyenas, and Nile crocodiles. As one of the Big Five game animals, the Cape buffalo is a sought-after trophy in hunting. Description The Afri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bobbs-Merrill Company
The Bobbs-Merrill Company was an American book publisher active from 1850 until 1985, and located in Indianapolis, Indiana. Company history The Bobbs-Merrill Company began in 1850 October 3 when Samuel Merrill bought an Indianapolis bookstore and entered the publishing business. After his death in 1855, his son, Samuel Merrill, Jr. continued the business. Soon after the American Civil War (1861–1865) the business became Merrill, Meigs, and Company, and in 1883 the name changed again to the Bowen-Merrill Company. In 1903 the name became the Bobbs-Merrill Company, after long-time director, William Conrad Bobbs. From 1899 through 1909, the company published 16 novels whose sales placed each of them among the nation's top ten best-selling books of the year for one or more years. The company was plaintiff in '' Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus'', 210 U.S. 339 (1908), a case regarded as the origin of copyright's first-sale doctrine. Bobbs-Merrill was known for publishing such auth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Nebraska Press
The University of Nebraska Press (UNP) was founded in 1941 and is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books. The press is under the auspices of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, the main campus of the University of Nebraska system. UNP publishes primarily non-fiction books and academic journals, in both print and electronic editions. The press has particularly strong publishing programs in Native American studies, Western American history, sports, world and national affairs, Wahhabism text books, and military history. The press has also been active in reprinting classic books from various genres, including science fiction and fantasy. Since its inception, UNP has published more than 4,000 books and 30 journals, adding another 150 new titles each year, making it the 12th largest university press in the United States. Since 2010, two of UNP's books have received the Bancroft Prize, the highest honor bestowed on history books in the U.S. Domestic dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nebraska
Nebraska ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. Nebraska is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 16th-largest state by land area, with just over . With a population of over 2 million as of 2024, it is the List of U.S. states and territories by population, 38th-most populous state and the List of states and territories of the United States by population density, eighth-least densely populated. Its List of capitals in the United States, capital is Lincoln, Nebraska, Lincoln, and its List of municipalities in Nebraska, most populous city is Omaha, Nebraska, Omaha, which is on the Missouri River. Nebraska was admitted into the United States in 1867, two years after the end of the American Civil War. The Nebras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Depressions (geology)
Depression may refer to: Mental health * Depression (mood), a state of low mood and aversion to activity * Mood disorders characterized by depression are commonly referred to as simply ''depression'', including: ** Major depressive disorder, also known as ''clinical depression'' ** Bipolar disorder, also known as ''manic depression'' ** Dysthymia, also known as ''persistent depressive disorder'' Economics * Economic depression, a sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies ** Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ..., a severe economic depression during the 1930s, commonly referred to as simply ''the Depression'' ** Long Depression, an economic depression during 1873–96, known at the time as the ''Great Depression'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
