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Brazier
A brazier () is a container used to burn charcoal or other solid fuel for cooking, heating or rituals. It often takes the form of a metal box or bowl with feet, but in some places it is made of terracotta. Its elevation helps circulate air, feeding oxygen to the fire. Braziers have been used since ancient times; the Nimrud brazier dates to at least 824 BC. History The word brazier is mentioned in the Bible. The Hebrew word for brazier is believed to be of Egyptian origin, suggesting that it was imported from Egypt. The lone reference to it in the Bible being the following verse: The king was sitting in the winter-house in the ninth month; and the brazier () was burning before him. Roman Emperor Jovian was poisoned by the fumes from a brazier in his tent in 364, ending the line of Constantine. In Arabic, the brazier is called ''kanoun''. Uses Heating Despite risks in burning charcoal on open fires, braziers were widely adopted for domestic heating, particularly and somewh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Censer
A censer, incense burner, perfume burner or pastille burner is a vessel made for burning incense or perfume in some solid form. They vary greatly in size, form, and material of construction, and have been in use since ancient times throughout the world. They may consist of simple earthenware bowls or fire pots to intricately carved silver or gold vessels, small table top objects a few centimetres tall to as many as several metres high. Many designs use openwork to allow a flow of air. In many cultures, burning incense has spiritual and religious connotations, and this influences the design and decoration of the censer. Often, especially in Western contexts, the term "censer" is used for pieces made for religious use, especially those on chains that are swung through the air to spread the incense smoke widely, while the term "perfume burner" is used for objects made for secular use. The original meaning of pastille was a small compressed mixture of aromatic plant material an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kotatsu
A is a low, wooden table frame covered by a ''futon'', or heavy blanket, upon which a table top sits. Underneath is a heat source, formerly a charcoal brazier but now Electricity, electric, often built into the table itself. ''Kotatsu'' are used almost exclusively in Japan, although #Other countries, similar devices for the same purpose of heating are used elsewhere, e.g. the Spanish Brasero (heater), ''brasero'' or Iranian ''korsi''. History The history of the ''kotatsu'' begins in the Muromachi period or Ashikaga shogunate during the fourteenth century. Its origins begin with the Japanese cooking hearth, known as the ''irori''. Charcoal was the primary method of cooking and heating in the traditional Japanese household and was used to heat the ''irori''. By the fourteenth century in Japan, a seating platform was introduced to the ''irori'' and its cooking function became separated from its seating function. On top of the wooden platform a quilt was placed, known as an ''ok ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Korsi
A ''korsi'' or ''korsí'' (Persian: کرسی) is a type of low table found in Iran and Afghanistan, with a heater underneath it, and blankets thrown over it. It is a traditional item of furniture in Iranian culture. A family or other gathering sits on the floor around the ''korsi'' during the winter. A ''korsi'' used to be quite popular for entire families to gather together during yearly ''Yaldā'' celebrations. ''Korsis'' are generally heated with electric elements or, traditionally, with a brazier containing hot coals that is placed under the table. Sometimes a coal brazier is placed in a hole dug previously before placing a korsi, this hole is then covered with wood timbers in warm seasons. The table is covered with a thick cloth called ''lahaf korsi'' (Persian: لحاف کرسی) overhanging on all sides to keep its occupants warm. The occupants sit on large cushions around the ''korsi'' with the cloth over their laps. A special woven rug called ''ru korsi'' (Persian: ر ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brasero (heater)
A brasero (Spanish: "brazier") is a heater commonly used in Spain. It is placed under a table covered with a cloth that extends to the floor to provide heat for people sitting at the table. This arrangement (which is called a mesa camilla) is similar to the Japanese ''kotatsu'' or Iranian ''korsi''. ''Braseros'' were traditionally heated with small pieces of charcoal, called ''cisco'' or ''picón''; nowadays they are usually electric. Modernly, certain deposits of burning embers, such as the upper compartment of solid fuel heating boilers, are called braseros. By extension, the term was used to define the place where ''certain criminals'' condemned to the stake were executed, generally Jews or infidels victims of one of the most common methods with which the "secular arm" executed those condemned by the Inquisition. History In several archaeological museums, braseros from Etruria and Culture of ancient Rome, Rome are displayed. Generally made of bronze, they have quadrangu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)
Tezozomoc Yacateteltetl (also Tezozómoc, Tezozomoctli, Tezozomoctzin; c. 1320 – 1426), was a Tepanec leader who ruled the ''altepetl'' (ethnic state) of Azcapotzalco (altepetl), Azcapotzalco from the year 1353 or Aztec calendar, Five Reed (1367) or Aztec calendar, Eight Rabbit (1370) until his death in the year Aztec calendar, Twelve Rabbit (1426). Histories written down in the early colonial period portray Tezozomoc as a military and political genius who oversaw an expansion of Tepanec influence, bringing about Azcapotzalco's dominance in the Valley of Mexico and beyond. Biography Tezozomoc was a son of Acolnahuacatzin and Cuetlaxochitzin. He is described by Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl as a tyrant and: "the most cruel man who ever lived, proud, warlike and domineering. And he was so old, according to what appears in the histories, and to what elderly princes have told me, that they carried him about like a child swathed in feathers and soft skins; they always took ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charcoal
Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials) in minimal oxygen to remove all water and volatile constituents. In the traditional version of this pyrolysis process, called charcoal burning, often by forming a charcoal kiln, the heat is supplied by burning part of the starting material itself, with a limited supply of oxygen. The material can also be heated in a closed retort. Modern charcoal briquettes used for outdoor cooking may contain many other additives, e.g. coal. The early history of wood charcoal production spans ancient times, rooted in the abundance of wood in various regions. The process typically involves stacking wood billets to form a conical pile, allowing air to enter through openings at the bottom, and igniting the pile gradually. Charcoal burners, skilled professionals tasked with managing the delicate operation, often lived in isolation to tend their wood piles . Throughout histo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jovian (emperor)
Jovian (; ; ; 331 – 17 February 364) was Roman emperor from June 363 to February 364. As part of the imperial bodyguard, he accompanied Julian on his campaign against the Sasanian Empire. Julian was killed in battle, and the exhausted and ill-provisioned army declared Jovian his successor. Unable to cross the Tigris, Jovian made peace with the Sasanids on humiliating terms. He spent the rest of his seven-month reign traveling back to Constantinople. After his arrival at Edessa, Jovian was petitioned by bishops over doctrinal issues concerning Christianity. Albeit the last emperor to rule the whole Empire during his entire reign, he died at Dadastana, never having reached the capital. Early life and accession Jovian was born at Singidunum, Moesia Superior (today Belgrade in Serbia), in 331, son of Varronianus, the commander of Constantius II's imperial bodyguards ('' comes domesticorum''). He also joined the guards and in this capacity in 361, escorted Constantius' rema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wood Burner
A wood-burning stove (or wood burner or log burner in the UK) is a heating or cooking appliance capable of burning wood fuel, often called solid fuel, and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as sawdust bricks. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal (usually cast iron or steel) closed firebox, often lined by fire brick, and one or more air controls (which can be manually or automatically operated depending upon the stove). The first wood-burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557. This was two centuries before the Industrial Revolution, so iron was still prohibitively expensive. The first wood-burning stoves were high-end consumer items and only gradually became used widely. The stove is connected by ventilating stove pipe to a suitable flue, which will fill with hot combustion gases once the fuel is ignited. The chimney or flue gases must be hotter than the outside temperature to ensure combustion gases are drawn out of the fire chamber and up the chimney. Wood bur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South From Granada
''South from Granada: Seven Years in an Andalusian Village'' is an autobiographical book by Gerald Brenan, first published in 1957. Brenan, a fringe member of the Bloomsbury Group, settled in Spain in 1920, and lived there on and off for the rest of his life. The book is an example of travel literature, mixing an autobiographical account of his life in Yegen, the village where he found his first home in Spain, with detailed background information about the Alpujarras region of Andalusia. He describes visits to his home by Virginia Woolf, Lytton Strachey, and Dora Carrington Dora de Houghton Carrington (29 March 1893 – 11 March 1932), known generally as Carrington, was an English painter and decorative artist, remembered in part for her association with members of the Bloomsbury Group, especially the writer Lytt ..., and also devotes space to Spanish prehistory, particularly the Millaran culture. Film version ''South from Granada'' has been adapted into a film, '' Al s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incense
Incense is an aromatic biotic material that releases fragrant smoke when burnt. The term is used for either the material or the aroma. Incense is used for aesthetic reasons, religious worship, aromatherapy, meditation, and ceremonial reasons. It may also be used as a simple deodorant or insect repellent. Incense is composed of aromatic plant materials, often combined with essential oils. The forms taken by incense differ with the underlying culture, and have changed with advances in technology and increasing number of uses. Incense can generally be separated into two main types: "indirect-burning" and "direct-burning." Indirect-burning incense (or "non-combustible incense") is not capable of burning on its own, and requires a separate heat source. Direct-burning incense (or "combustible incense") is lit directly by a flame and then fanned or blown out, leaving a glowing ember that smoulders and releases a smoky fragrance. Direct-burning incense is either a paste formed around a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gerald Brenan
Edward FitzGerald "Gerald" Brenan, CBE, Military Cross, MC (7 April 1894 – 19 January 1987) was a British writer and hispanist who spent much of his life in Spain. Brenan is probably best known for ''The Spanish Labyrinth'', a historical work on the background to the Spanish Civil War, and for a mainly autobiographical work ''South from Granada, South from Granada: Seven Years in an Andalusian Village''. He was appointed Order of the British Empire, CBE in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Diplomatic Service and Overseas List of 1982. Life Brenan was born in Malta into a Gentry, well-off Anglo-Irish family, while his father was serving there in the British Army. He was educated at Radley College, Radley, a boarding school in England, which he hated due to the bullying he endured. His autobiographic works make it clear that he did not enjoy a good relationship with his father, Major Hugh Brenan. At the age of 18, and to spite his father who wanted him to train for an ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
