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Bopindolol
Bopindolol (INN) is a beta blocker. It is an ester which acts as a prodrug for its active metabolite 4-(3-''t''-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-methylindole. Synthesis The reaction of 4-Hydroxy-2-methylindole 5320-67-3(1) with epichlorohydrin in the presence of lye led to 2-methyl-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indole 2119-47-5(2). Addition of tert-butylamine led to 4-(2-Hydroxy-3-tert-butylaminopropoxy)-2-methylindole 3869-98-9(3). Ester formation with benzoic anhydride 3-97-0(4) in the presence of hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide 80-31-9completed the synthesis of Bopindolol (5). See also * Pindolol Pindolol, sold under the brand name Visken among others, is a non-selective beta blocker which is used in the treatment of hypertension.Drugs.coInternational brand names for pindolol Page accessed Sept 4, 2015 It is also an antagonist of the se ... * mepindolol References Beta blockers Prodrugs Benzoate esters N-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamines Indole ethers at the benze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Bopindolol Synthesis
Bopindolol (International Nonproprietary Name, INN) is a beta blocker. It is an ester which acts as a prodrug for its active metabolite 4-(3-''t''-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-methylindole. Synthesis The reaction of 4-Hydroxy-2-methylindole [35320-67-3] (1) with epichlorohydrin in the presence of lye led to 2-methyl-4-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indole [62119-47-5] (2). Addition of tert-butylamine led to 4-(2-Hydroxy-3-tert-butylaminopropoxy)-2-methylindole [23869-98-9] (3). Ester formation with benzoic anhydride [93-97-0] (4) in the presence of hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide [680-31-9] completed the synthesis of Bopindolol (5). See also * Pindolol *mepindolol References Beta blockers Prodrugs Benzoate esters N-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamines Indole ethers at the benzene ring {{cardiovascular-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Beta Blocker
Beta blockers, also spelled β-blockers, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms ( arrhythmia), and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack ( secondary prevention). They are also widely used to treat high blood pressure, although they are no longer the first choice for initial treatment of most people. Beta blockers are competitive antagonists that block the receptor sites for the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic beta receptors, of the sympathetic nervous system, which mediates the fight-or-flight response. Beta-adrenergic receptors are found on cells of the heart muscles, smooth muscles, airways, arteries, kidneys, and other tissues that are part of the sympathetic nervous system and lead to stress responses, especially when they are stimulated by epinephrine (adrenaline). Beta blockers interfere with the binding to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (either organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group () of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R). These compounds contain a distinctive functional group. Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well. According to some authors, organyl derivatives of acidic hydrogen of other acids are esters as well (e.g. amides), but not according to the IUPAC. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters; naturally occurring lactones are mainly 5- and 6-membered ring lactones. Lactones contribute to the aroma of fruits, butter, cheese, vegetables like celery and other foods. Esters can be formed from oxoacids (e.g. esters of acetic acid, carbonic acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Prodrug
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive medication or compound that, after intake, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug can be used to improve how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME). Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A prodrug may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target. This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects. History Many herbal extracts historically used in medicine contain glycosides (sugar derivatives) of the active agent, which are hydrolyzed in the intestines to release the active and more bioavailable aglycone. For example, sal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Active Metabolite
An active metabolite, or pharmacologically active metabolite is a biologically active metabolite of a xenobiotic substance, such as a drug or environmental chemical. Active metabolites may produce therapeutic effects, as well as harmful effects. Metabolites of drugs An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which produces effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine and tramadol have metabolites (morphine and ''O''-desmethyltramadol respectively) that are stronger than the parent drug and in these cases the metabolite may be responsible for much of the therapeutic action of the parent drug. Sometimes, however, metabolites may produce toxic effects and patients must be monitored carefully to ensure they do not build up in the body. This is an issue with some well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Pindolol
Pindolol, sold under the brand name Visken among others, is a non-selective beta blocker which is used in the treatment of hypertension.Drugs.coInternational brand names for pindolol Page accessed Sept 4, 2015 It is also an antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, preferentially blocking inhibitory 5-HT1A autoreceptors, and has been researched as an add-on therapy to various antidepressants, such as clomipramine and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), in the treatment of depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Medical uses Pindolol is used for hypertension in the United States, Canada, and Europe, and also for angina pectoris outside the United States. When used alone for hypertension, pindolol can significantly lower blood pressure and heart rate, but the evidence base for its use is weak as the number of subjects in published studies is small. In some countries, pindolol is also used for arrhythmias and prophylaxis of acute stress reactio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mepindolol
Mepindolol (Betagon) is a non-selective beta blocker. It is used to treat glaucoma. Synthesis : The first reported synthesis of mepindolol in 1971 used 4-hydroxy-2-methylindole {9) with epichlorohydrin and then isopropylamine to add the sidechain which was known to produce beta blockers, by analogy with drugs discovered by Imperial Chemical Industries, such as propanolol. The requisite intermediate was synthesized in a multi-step procedure from 4-benzyloxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (1) which was converted into (9) by conventional chemistry. See also * Pindolol * Bopindolol Bopindolol (INN) is a beta blocker. It is an ester which acts as a prodrug for its active metabolite 4-(3-''t''-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)-2-methylindole. Synthesis The reaction of 4-Hydroxy-2-methylindole 5320-67-3(1) with epichlorohydrin in ... References Beta blockers Indole ethers at the benzene ring N-isopropyl-phenoxypropanolamines Ophthalmology drugs {{Antihypertensive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Beta Blockers
Beta blockers, also spelled β-blockers, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack (secondary prevention). They are also widely used to treat high blood pressure, although they are no longer the first choice for initial treatment of most people. Beta blockers are competitive antagonists that block the receptor sites for the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on adrenergic beta receptors, of the sympathetic nervous system, which mediates the fight-or-flight response. Beta-adrenergic receptors are found on cells of the heart muscles, smooth muscles, airways, arteries, kidneys, and other tissues that are part of the sympathetic nervous system and lead to stress responses, especially when they are stimulated by epinephrine (adrenaline). Beta blockers interfere with the binding to the receptor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Prodrugs
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive Pharmaceutical drug, medication or compound that, after Drug administration, intake, is Drug metabolism, metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug. Instead of administering a drug directly, a corresponding prodrug can be used to improve how the drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME). Prodrugs are often designed to improve bioavailability when a drug itself is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A prodrug may be used to improve how selectively the drug interacts with cells or processes that are not its intended target. This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects. History Many herbal extracts historically used in medicine contain glycosides (sugar derivatives) of the active agent, which are hydrolyzed in the intestines to release the a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Benzoate Esters
Benzoic acid () is a white (or colorless) solid organic compound with the formula , whose structure consists of a benzene ring () with a carboxyl () substituent. The benzoyl group is often abbreviated "Bz" (not to be confused with "Bn," which is used for benzyl), thus benzoic acid is also denoted as BzOH, since the benzoyl group has the formula –. It is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name is derived from gum benzoin, which was for a long time its only source. Benzoic acid occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. Salts of benzoic acid are used as food preservatives. Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the industrial synthesis of many other organic substances. The salts and esters of benzoic acid are known as benzoates (). History Benzoic acid was discovered in the sixteenth century. The dry distillation of gum benzoin was first described by Nostradamus (1556), and then by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
