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Blue Stain Fungus
Blue stain fungi (also known as sap stain fungi) is a vague term including various fungi that cause dark staining in sapwood. The staining is most often blue, but could also be grey or black. Because the grouping is based solely on symptomatics, it is not a monophyletic grouping. Included species Depending on the author, the group can include between 100 and 250 species of ascomycetes and so-called deuteromycetes. They are usually divided into three different groups: # Ascomycete fungi from the genera '' Ceratocystis'', '' Ophiostoma'', '' Ceratocystiopsis'', '' Grosmannia''. These are usually transmitted between trees by bark beetles of the subfamily Scolytinae. # Several black yeasts including '' Hormonema dematioides'', '' Aureobasidium pullulans'', '' Rhinocladiella atrovirens'', and '' Phialophora'' species. # Several dark molds such as ''Alternaria alternata'', '' Cladosporium sphaerospermum'' and '' C. cladosporioides''. Importance of the symbiotic relationship between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aureobasidium Pullulans
''Aureobasidium pullulans'' is a ubiquitous and generalistic black, yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone). It is well known as a naturally occurring epiphyte or endophyte of a wide range of plant species (e.g. apple, grape, cucumber, green beans, cabbage) without causing any symptoms of disease. ''A. pullulans'' has a high importance in biotechnology for the production of different enzymes, siderophores and pullulan. Furthermore, ''A. pullulans'' is used in biological control of plant diseases, especially storage diseases. Chronic human exposure to ''A. pullulans'' via humidifiers or air conditioners can lead to hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) or " humidifier lung". This condition is characterized acutely by dyspnea, cough, fever, chest infiltrates, and acute inflammatory reaction. The condition can also be chronic, and lymphocyte-mediated. The chronic condition is characterized radiogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (), a microscopic sexual reproduction, sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. However, some species of Ascomycota are Asexual reproduction, asexual and thus do not form asci or ascospores. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, yeast#Beer, brewers' and bakers' yeast, Xylaria, dead man's fingers, and cup fungi. The fungal symbionts in the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as ''Cladonia'' belong to the Ascomycota. Ascomycota is a monophyletic group (containing all of the descendants of a common ancestor). Previously placed in the Basidiomycota along with asexual species from other fungal taxa, asexual (or Teleomorph, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytopathology
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. Plant pathogenicity Plant pathogens, organisms that cause infectious plant diseases, include fungus, fungi, oomycetes, bacterium, bacteria, plant virus, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. In most plant pathosystems, virulence depends on hydrolases and enzymes that degrade the cell wall. The vast majority of these act on pectins (for example, pectinesterase, pectate lyase, and pectinases). For microbes, the cell wall polysaccharides are both a food source and a barrier to be over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spalting
Spalting is any form of wood coloration caused by fungi. Although primarily found in dead trees, spalting can also occur in living trees under stress (biology), stress. Although spalting can cause weight loss and strength loss in the wood, the unique coloration and patterns of spalted wood are sought by woodworkers. Types Spalting is divided into three main types: pigmentation, white rot, and zone lines. Spalted wood may exhibit one or all of these types in varying degrees. Both hardwoods (deciduous) and softwoods (coniferous) can spalt, but zone lines and white rot are more commonly found on hardwoods due to enzymatic differences in white rotting fungi. Brown rots are more common to conifers, although one brown rot, ''Fistulina hepatica'' (beefsteak fungus), is known to cause spalting among deciduous trees. Pigmentation Pigmentation is caused when fungi produce extracellular pigments ''inside'' wood. Bluestain is also a form of pigmentation; however, bluestain pigments are ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White Rot And Zone Lines
White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no chroma). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully (or almost fully) reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on television and computer screens is created by a mixture of red, blue, and green light. The color white can be given with white pigments, especially titanium dioxide. In ancient Egypt and ancient Rome, priestesses wore white as a symbol of purity, and Romans wore white togas as symbols of citizenship. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance a white unicorn symbolized chastity, and a white lamb sacrifice and purity. It was the royal color of the kings of France as well as the flag of monarchist France from 1815 to 1830, and of the monarchist movement that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War (1917–1922). Greek temples and Roman temples were faced with white marble, and beginning in the 18th century, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladosporium Cladosporioides
''Cladosporium cladosporioides'' is a darkly pigmented mold that occurs world-wide on a wide range of materials both outdoors and indoors. It is known for its role in the decomposition of organic matter and its presence in indoor and outdoor environments. This species is also notable for its potential impact on human health, particularly in individuals with respiratory conditions. It is one of the most common fungi in outdoor air where its spores are important in seasonal allergic disease. While this species rarely causes invasive disease in animals, it is an important agent of plant disease, attacking both the leaves and fruits of many plants. This species produces asexual spores in delicate, branched chains that break apart readily and drift in the air. It is able to grow under low water conditions and at very low temperatures. History and classification Georg Fresenius first species description, described ''Cladosporium cladosporioides'' in 1850, classifying it in the genus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladosporium Sphaerospermum
''Cladosporium sphaerospermum'' is a radiotrophic fungus belonging to the genus ''Cladosporium'' and was described in 1886 by Albert Julius Otto Penzig from the decaying leaves and branches of ''Citrus''. It is a dematiaceous (darkly-pigmented) fungus characterized by slow growth and largely asexual reproduction. ''Cladosporium sphaerospermum'' consists of a complex of poorly morphologically differentiated "cryptic" species that share many physiological and ecological attributes. In older literature, all of these sibling species were classified as ''C. sphaerospermum'' despite their unique nature. Accordingly, there is confusion in older literature reports on the physiological and habitat regularities of ''C. sphaerospermum'' in the strict sense. This fungus is most phylogenetically similar to '' C. fusiforme''. According to modern phylogenetic analyses, the previously synonymized species, ''Cladosporium langeroni'', is a distinct species. Growth and morphology The hyphae of ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alternaria Alternata
''Alternaria alternata'' is a fungus causing leaf spots, rots, and blights on many plant parts, and other diseases. It is an opportunistic pathogen on over 380 host species of plant. It can also cause upper respiratory tract infections and asthma in humans with compromised immunity. Hosts and symptoms ''Alternaria alternata'' has many different hosts depending on its forma specialis. ''A. a.'' f. sp. ' (AAL) infects only certain cultivars of tomato plants and is often referred to as Alternaria stem canker of tomato. ''AAL''s main symptom is cankers in the stem. It resides in seeds and seedlings, and is often spread by spores as they become airborne and land on plants. It can also spread throughout other plants. Under severe infection, lesions enlarge and become coalesced causing blighting of the leaves. This symptom progression occurred in research done in Pakistan: the symptoms on affected tomatoes started with yellowing and browning of the lower leaves, then began deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phialophora
''Phialophora'' is a form genus of fungus with short conidiophores, sometimes reduced to phialides; their conidia are unicellular. They may be parasites (including on humans), or saprophytic (including on apples). Genetic analysis of ''Phialophora'' shows that it is a paraphyletic grouping. The conidia are produced from a flask shaped phialide. Mature, spherical, to oval conidia are extruded from phialides and usually accumulate around it. Some members of ''Phialophora'' are involved in symbiotic relationships with leafcutter ants where they grow on the cuticle of the ants and fulfill a saprophytic Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter. It occurs in saprotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi ... role that aids in the fungal gardening on which the ants rely. References External links * Chaetothyriales Eurotiomyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhinocladiella Atrovirens
''Rhinocladiella'' is a genus of yeast-like fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae. It has 17 species. The genus was circumscribed by Swedish botanist John Axel Nannfeldt in 1934 with '' R. atrovirens'' as the type species. Species *''Rhinocladiella amoena'' *'' Rhinocladiella aquaspersa'' *'' Rhinocladiella atrovirens'' *'' Rhinocladiella basitona'' *'' Rhinocladiella compacta'' *'' Rhinocladiella coryli'' *'' Rhinocladiella cristaspora'' *'' Rhinocladiella fasciculata'' *'' Rhinocladiella indica'' *''Rhinocladiella mackenziei ''Rhinocladiella mackenziei'' is a deeply pigmented mold that is a common cause of human cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. ''Rhinocladiella mackenziei'' was believed to be endemic solely to the Middle East, due to the first cases of infection being lim ...'' *'' Rhinocladiella phaeophora'' – Colombia *'' Rhinocladiella pyriformis'' *'' Rhinocladiella quercus'' *'' Rhinocladiella selenoides'' *'' Rhinocladiella similis'' *'' Rhinocladiell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hormonema Dematioides
''Sydowia polyspora'' is a plant pathogen infecting Douglas firs. In Iceland, it has been reported to infect '' Larix russica'', ''Pinus contorta'' and ''Pinus mugo ''Pinus mugo'', known as dwarf mountain pine, mountain pine, scrub mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine, bog pine, creeping pine, or mugo pine, is a species of conifer, native to high elevation habitats from southwestern to Central Europe and Sou ...''.Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004)''Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir'' [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X and on ''Rhododendron indicum''. References External links Index FungorumUSDA ARS Fungal Database Fungal conifer pathogens and diseases Dothideales Fungi described in 1953 Fungus species {{fungus-tree-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
