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Bioinstructive Material
Bioinstructive materials provide instruction to biological cells or tissue, for example ''immune instruction'' when monocytes are cultured on certain polymers they polarise to pro- or anti-inflammatory macrophages with potential applications in implanted devices, or materials for the repair of musculoskeletal tissues. Due to the paucity of information on the mechanism of materials control of cells, beyond the general recognition of the important role of adsorbed biomolecules, high throughput screening of large libraries of materials, topographies, and shapes are often used to identify cell instructive material systems. Applications of bioinstructive materials as substrates for stem cell production, cell delivery and reduction of foreign body reaction and coatings to reduce infections on medical devices. This non-leaching approach is distinct from strategies of infection control relying on antibiotic release, cytokine delivery or guidance of cells by surface located epitopes inspired ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macrophage
Macrophages (; abbreviated MPhi, φ, MΦ or MP) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface. This self-protection method can be contrasted with that employed by Natural killer cell, Natural Killer cells. This process of engulfment and digestion is called phagocytosis; it acts to defend the host against infection and injury. Macrophages are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in nonspecific defense (innate immunity) and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adapti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting pathogenic bacteria, bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the therapy, treatment and antibiotic prophylaxis, prevention of such infections. They may either bactericide, kill or bacteriostatic agent, inhibit the growth of bacteria. A limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the ones which cause the common cold or influenza. Drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals. Antibiotics are also not effective against fungi. Drugs which inhibit growth of fungi are called antifungal drugs. Sometimes, the term ''antibiotic''—literally "opposing life", from the Greek language, Greek roots ἀντι ''anti'', "against" and βίος ''bios'', "life"—is broadly used to refer to any substance used against ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytokine Delivery Systems
Cytokines are polypeptides or glycoproteins that help immune cells communicate to each other to induce proliferation, activation, differentiation, and inflammatory or anti-inflammatory signals in various cell types.Gonçalves, A., Machado, R., Gomes, A. C., & Costa, A. da. (2020). Nanotechnology Solutions for Controlled Cytokine Delivery: An Applied Perspective. ''NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series E: Applied Sciences'', ''10''(20), 7098.Razeghian, E., Margiana, R., Chupradit, S., Bokov, D. O., Abdelbasset, W. K., Marofi, F., Shariatzadeh, S., Tosan, F., & Jarahian, M. (2021). Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as a Vehicle for Cytokine Delivery: An Emerging Approach for Tumor Immunotherapy. ''Frontiers of Medicine'', ''8'', 721174. Studies utilizing cytokines for antitumor therapies has increased significantly since 2000, and different cytokines provide unique antitumor activities.Nash, A. M., Jarvis, M. I., Aghlara-Fotovat, S., Mukherjee, S., Hernandez, A., Hecht, A. D., Rios, P. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell
In biology, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)—also known as chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors or artificial T cell receptors—are receptor proteins that have been engineered to give T cells the new ability to target a specific antigen. The receptors are chimeric in that they combine both antigen-binding and T cell activating functions into a single receptor. CAR T cell therapy uses T cells engineered with CARs to treat cancer. T cells are modified to recognize cancer cells and destroy them. The standard approach is to harvest T cells from patients, genetically alter them, then infuse the resulting CAR T cells into patients to attack their tumors. CAR T cells can be derived either autologously from T cells in a patient's own blood or allogeneically from those of a donor. Once isolated, these T cells are genetically engineered to express a specific CAR, using a vector derived from an engineered lentivirus such as HIV (see Lentiviral vector in gene therapy). T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibodies
An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y-shaped protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily which is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize antigens such as bacteria and viruses, including those that cause disease. Each individual antibody recognizes one or more specific antigens, and antigens of virtually any size and chemical composition can be recognized. Antigen literally means "antibody generator", as it is the presence of an antigen that drives the formation of an antigen-specific antibody. Each of the branching chains comprising the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope that specifically binds to one particular epitope on an antigen, allowing the two molecules to bind together with precision. Using this mechanism, antibodies can effectively "tag" the antigen (or a microbe or an infected cell bearing such an antigen) for attack by cells of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a viru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interleukins
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins. The function of the immune system primarily depends on interleukins, and rare deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by CD4 helper T-lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cells. Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus are also known to be involved in the development of spatial memories in mice. History and name The name "interleukin" was chosen in 1979, to replace the various different names used by different research groups to designate interleukin 1 (lymph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
