|
Binomial Voting
The binomial system () is a voting system that was used in the legislative elections of Chile between 1989 and 2013. The binomial system is the D'Hondt method with an open list where ''every'' constituency returns ''two'' (hence the name) representatives to the legislative body. The fact that only two candidates are elected in each district results in the peculiarity where the second most supported list is over-represented. Its use was prescribed in the respective constitutional organic law during the Pinochet regime. The binomial system was invented in Poland in the 1980s under the Wojciech Jaruzelski regime, in order to foster political stability in the democratization process, maintaining the preeminence of the Polish United Workers' Party against the rise of the opposition movement ''Solidarity'', being recognized as a system that promoted consensus and negotiation between opposing sides of government. The binomial system was considered by most analysts as the main const ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voting System
An electoral or voting system is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, nonprofit organizations and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how ballots are marked and cast, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on campaign spending, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by election commissions, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biproportional Apportionment
Biproportional apportionment is a proportional representation method to allocate seats in proportion to two separate characteristics. That is, for two different partitions each part receives the proportional number of seats within the total number of seats. For instance, this method could give proportional results by party and by region, or by party and by gender/ethnicity, or by any other pair of characteristics. # Example: proportional by party and by region #* Each party's share of seats is proportional to its total votes. #* Each region's share of seats is proportional to its total votes #** (or this could be based on its population-size or other criteria). # Then, as nearly as possible given the totals for each region and each party: #* Each region's seats are allocated among parties in proportion to that region's votes for those parties. (The region's seats go to locally popular parties.) #* Each party's seats are allocated among regions in proportion to that party's votes i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fuerza Regional Independiente
''Fuerza'' () is the Latin Grammy nominated twelfth studio album released by Mexican singer Alejandra Guzmán. It was released on November 26, 2007. The first single released was " Soy Sólo Un Secreto". Album history According to bloggarte.com the album was supposed to be released on December 4, 2007 but it was ultimately changed for a November release. About the track "Hasta el Final" ("Until the End") was written by the singer herself after a breast cancer operation, and is dedicated to her daughter Frida Sofía. ''"I wrote it for my daughter at the hospital, it's a very pretty song about hope, faith, not looking back, don't stop loving and the things I am feeling"''. In the album will be rock, ballad and ''guzmanism!!''. Some tracks included are: "Todo", "Por un Momento", "Bellísima", "Un Buen Día" and "Diosa Seducción". The album is produced once again by Loris Ceroni (who produced before artists like Fey, Natalia Lafourcade and Laura Pausini. 13 tracks were selected in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juntos Podemos Más
Juntos Podemos Más por Chile (Spanish literal: ''Together we can do more for Chile'', ''Podemos'' is an acronym of ''Po''der ''Demo''crático ''S''ocial, Spanish for ''Social Democratic Power'') was a political coalition created in 2003, consisting of the Communist Party of Chile, the Humanist Party, the Christian Left Party of Chile, and several other smaller left-wing organizations. The Coalition presented at first five candidates (including the sociologist Tomás Moulián for the Communist Party) for the 2005 presidential election, but then finally agreed on the Humanist Party candidate, Tomás Hirsch. He obtained 5.4% of the vote (375,048 votes). The Coalition divided itself during the runoff vote, some conditionally voting for left-of-center candidate Michelle Bachelet and others proposing blank votes. In the 2005 parliamentary election, the pact obtained 7.38% of the vote in the lower chamber election, and 5.98% in the Senate election, but did not win seats in either c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alianza Por Chile
The Alliance (), previously known as Alliance for Chile (), is a coalition of centre-right to right-wing Chilean political parties. The Alliance was replaced between 2009 and 2012 by the Coalition for Change and since 2015 by Chile Vamos. It includes the National Renewal (Renovación Nacional, RN), the Independent Democratic Union (Unión Democrática Independiente, UDI) and since 2015 Political Evolution (Evolución Política, Evópoli). In the past it has included the National Party, the regional Party of the South (Partido del Sur) and the Union of the Centrist Center (Unión de Centro Centro, UCC), all of which are now defunct. Major leaders of the Alliance have included Jovino Novoa (UDI), Pablo Longueira (UDI), Jaime Guzmán (UDI), Joaquín Lavín (UDI), Sebastián Piñera (RN), Lily Pérez (RN), Andrés Allamand (RN), Sergio Onofre Jarpa (RN), Sebastián Sichel, and Sergio Romero (RN). Member parties The Alliance has had several names through its history: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concertación De Partidos Por La Democracia
The Concertación, officially the Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia (; ), was a coalition of center-left political parties in Chile, founded in 1988. Presidential candidates under its banner won every election from when Chilean transition to democracy, military rule ended in 1990 until the conservative candidate Sebastián Piñera won the Chilean presidential election in 2010. In 2013 it was replaced by New Majority (Chile), New Majority coalition. History In 1987 Augusto Pinochet, General Augusto Pinochet, the dictator of Chile, legalized political parties and called a Referendum, plebiscite to determine whether or not he would remain in power after 1990. Several parties, including the Christian Democratic Party (Chile), Christian Democracy, the Socialist Party of Chile, Socialist Party and the Social Democrat Radical Party, Radical Party, gathered in the Democratic Alliance (Chile, 1983), Democratic Alliance (''Alianza Democrática''). In 1988, several more partie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plurality (voting)
A plurality vote (in North American English) or relative majority (in British English) describes the circumstance when a party, candidate, or proposition polls more votes than any other but does not receive more than half of all votes cast. For example, if from 100 votes that were cast, 45 were for ''candidate A'', 30 were for ''candidate B'' and 25 were for ''candidate C'', then ''candidate A'' received a plurality of votes but not a majority. In some election contests, the winning candidate or proposition may need only a plurality, depending on the rules of the organization holding the vote. Versus majority In international institutional law, a ''simple majority'' (also a ''plurality'') is the largest number of votes cast (disregarding abstentions) ''among'' alternatives, always true when only two are in the competition. In some circles, a majority means more than half of the total including abstentions. However, in many jurisdictions, a simple majority is defined as more vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closed List
Closed list describes the variant of party-list systems where voters can effectively vote for only political parties as a whole; thus they have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected. If voters had some influence, that would be called an open list. Closed list systems are still commonly used in party-list proportional representation, and most mixed electoral systems also use closed lists in their party list component. Many countries, however have changed their electoral systems to use open lists to incorporate personalised representation to their proportional systems. In closed list systems, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list tend to always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not. However, the candidates "at the water mark" of a given party are in the positi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compensation (electoral Systems)
Compensation or correction is an optional mechanism of electoral systems, which corrects the results of one part of the system based on some criterion to achieve a certain result, usually to make it more proportional. There are in general two forms of compensation: vote linkage and seat linkage. Compensation exists in many ranked voting systems such as instant-runoff voting and single transferable voting, where votes for eliminated candidates (and in the case of STV, surplus votes of elected candidates) are transferred to other candidates, thereby compensating voters who voted for candidates who may not be elected (or whose votes were not needed to get a candidate elected). This is an example of vote linkage compensation in a single-tier system. The equivalent of this type of compensation in case of party-list proportional representation is the spare vote. In mixed electoral systems compensation is usually contrasted with superposition, which means two electoral systems are used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plurality Voting
Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which the candidates in an electoral district who poll more than any other (that is, receive a plurality) are elected. Under single-winner plurality voting, and in systems based on single-member districts, plurality voting is called single member istrictplurality (SMP), which is widely known as " first-past-the-post". In SMP/FPTP the leading candidate, whether or not they have a majority of votes, is elected. There are several versions of plurality voting for multi-member district. The system that elects multiple winners at once with the plurality rule and where each voter casts as many X votes as the number of seats in a multi-seat district is referred to as plurality block voting. A semi-proportional system that elects multiple winners elected at once with the plurality rule and where each voter casts more than one vote but fewer than the number of seats to fill in a multi-seat district is known as limited voting. A semi-prop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mixed-member Proportional Representation
Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a type of representation provided by some mixed electoral system, mixed electoral systems which combine local Winner-take-all system, winner-take-all elections with a Compensation (electoral systems), compensatory tier with Party-list proportional representation, party lists, in a way that produces proportional representation overall. Like proportional representation, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called mixed-member proportional, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality. In this case, they provide semi-proportional representation. In typical MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the legislator, representative for their single-seat electoral district, constituency, and one for a political party, but some countries use Mixed single vote#Proportional systems, single vote variants. Seat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
