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Battle Of Aror
The Battle of Aror took place in 711 AD between the Umayyad forces under Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and the army of the Brahmin dynasty of Sindh under Raja Dahir. At the Battle of Aror (Rohri) Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was met by Dahir's forces in battle., pp=201–205. It was the last military conflict involving Raja Dahir, whose army was defeated by the Umayyads near the Indus River and Dahir was killed. Battle The battle took place on the left bank of the Indus. The names of that place on those occasions were Jiwar, Bet, and Rawer. After besieging Debal, Muhammad ibn Qasim joined with 2,000 cavalry from Persia in addition to the rest of his forces making it 20,000-strong, and marched towards Aror. He was opposed by Raja Dahir's forces. According to the Chach Nama, the strength of the forces was 20,000-25,000. According to modern historians such as K. S. Lal, the forces included not less than 50,000 men. Qasim, seeing the imbalance, took advantage of the ground. He waited for Dahir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aror
Aror (or Alor or Arorkot) is the medieval name of the city of Rohri in Sindh, modern Pakistan. Aror once served as the capital of Sindh. History As Roruka, capital of the Sauvira Kingdom, it is mentioned as an important trading center in early Buddhist literature. In the Chachnamah, members of the Brahman group were noted in the city of Aror. Little is known about the city's history prior to the Arab invasion in the 8th century CE. Sauvīra was an ancient kingdom of the lower Indus Valley. Aror was the capital of the Rai dynasty and then the Brahman dynasty that once ruled northern Sindh. Aror is the ancestral town of the Arora community. In 711, Aror was captured by the army of Umayyad general Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. In 962 it was hit by a massive earthquake that changed the course of the Indus River The Indus ( ) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayas, Himalayan river of South Asia, South and Central Asia. The river rises in mountain spring ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chach Nama
''Chach Nama'' (; ; "Story of the Chach"), also known as the ''Fateh nama Sindh'' (; "Story of the Conquest of Sindh"), and as ''Tareekh al-Hind wa a's-Sind'' (; "History of Hind and Sind"), is a historical source for the history of Sindh. The text, which purports to be a Persian translation by `Ali Kufi (13th-century) of an undated, original Arabic text, has long been considered to be the story of the early 8th-century conquests by the Umayyad general Muhammad bin Qasim. The text is significant because it has been a source of colonial understanding of the origins of Islam and the Islamic conquests in the Indian subcontinent. It influenced the debate on the partition of British India and its narrative has been included in the state-sanctioned history textbooks of Pakistan. However, according to Manan Ahmed Asif, the text is in reality original, "not a work of translation". Asif asserts that the ''Chach Nama'' is a romantic work influenced by the 13th-century history, not a h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
710s Conflicts
71 may refer to: * 71 (number) * one of the years 71 BC, AD 71, 1971, 2071 * ''71'' (film), 2014 British film set in Belfast in 1971 * '' 71: Into the Fire'', 2010 South Korean film * Various highways; see List of highways numbered 71 * The atomic number of lutetium, a lanthanide * The number of the French department Saône-et-Loire * Nickname for the city of Wrocław Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland, and the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is the largest city and historical capital of the region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder River in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Eu ... * 71 Niobe, a main-belt asteroid See also * {{Number disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invasions By The Umayyad Caliphate
An invasion is a military offensive of combatants of one geopolitical entity, usually in large numbers, entering territory controlled by another similar entity, often involving acts of aggression. Generally, invasions have objectives of conquering, liberating or reestablishing control or authority over a territory; forcing the partition of a country; altering the established government or gaining concessions from said government; or a combination thereof. An invasion can be the cause of a war, be a part of a larger strategy to end a war, or it can constitute an entire war in itself. Due to the large scale of the operations associated with invasions, they are usually strategic in planning and execution. History Archaeological evidence indicates that invasions have been frequent occurrences since prehistory. In antiquity, before radio communications and fast transportation, the only way for a military to ensure adequate reinforcements was to move armies as one massive for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sind (caliphal Province)
Sind (, Urdu & ) was an administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate and later of the Abbasid Caliphate in History of India, post-classical India, from around 711 CE with the Umayyad conquest of Sindh by the Arabs, Arab military commander Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, to around 854 CE with the emergence of the anarchy at Samarra, independent dynasties of the Habbari dynasty, Habbarid Emirate in Sindh proper and the Emirate of Multan in Punjab. The "Governor of Sind" () was an official who administered the caliphate, caliphal province over what are now Sindh, southern Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab and Makran (Balochistan, Pakistan, Balochistan) in Pakistan. The governor was the chief Muslims, Muslim official in the province and was responsible for maintaining security in the region. As the leader of the provincial military, he was also in charge of carrying out campaigns against the Indian religions, non-Muslim kingdoms of India. Governors appointed to the region were selected either dire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battles Involving The Umayyad Caliphate
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish. The word "battle" can also be used infrequently to refer to an entire operational campaign, although this usage greatly diverges from its conventional or customary meaning. Generally, the word "battle" is used for such campaigns if referring to a protracted combat encounter in which either one or both of the combatants had the same methods, resources, and strategic objectives throughout the encounter. Some prominent examples of this would be the Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, and the Battle of France, all in World War II. Wars and military campaigns are guided by military strategy, whereas batt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jauhar
Jauhar, sometimes spelled Jowhar or Juhar, was a Hindu Rajput practice of mass self-immolation by women and girls in the Indian subcontinent to avoid capture, sex slavery, enslavement, and rape when facing certain defeat during a war. Some reports of ''jauhar'' mention women committing self-immolation along with their children. This practice was historically observed in the northwest regions of India, with the most famous jauhars in recorded history occurring during wars between Hindu Rajput kingdoms in Rajasthan and the opposing Muslim armies.Malise Ruthven (2007), ''Fundamentalism: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, , p. 63;John Stratton Hawley (1994), ''Sati, the Blessing and the Curse'', Oxford University Press, , pp. 165–166, Quote: "In this she resembles the sati who dies in jauhar. The jauhar sati dies before and while her husband fights what appears to be an unwinnable battle. By dying, she frees him from worry about her welfare and saves herself fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rani
''Rani'' () is a female title, equivalent to queen, for royal or princely rulers in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It translates to 'queen' in English. It is also a Sanskrit Hindu feminine given name. The term applies equally to a queen regnant as well as a wife of a ''Raja''/'' Rai'' or '' Rana'' Notable people named Rani * Rani (Pakistani actress) (born December 8, 1946 – died May 27, 1993), Pakistani actress and model * Rani Bhabani (born 1716 – died 1795), Indian philanthropist and zamindar * Rani Chandra (born October 12, 1976), Indian actress and winner of the Miss Kerala pageant * Rani Chatterjee (born November 3, 1984), Indian actress, dancer and presenter * Rani Chitralekha Bhonsle (born February 26, 1941), Indian political and social worker * Rani Gaidinliu (born January 26, 1915 – died February 17, 1993), Indian activist, spiritual and political leader * Rani Hamid (born 1944), Bangladeshi chess player * Rani Kamalesvaran (born 1971), an A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brahmanabad
Mansura (; ), referred to as Brahmanabad or Bahmanabad (, ) in later centuries, was the historic capital of the caliphal province of Sindh, during the eighth century under the Umayyad Caliphate and then Abbasid Caliphate from the year 750 AD to 1006 AD. The city was founded as a central garrison by the Umayyad Forces in Sindh, the city transformed into a very vibrant metropolis during the Abbasid Era surpassing the wealth of Multan in the north and Debal in the south. Mansura was the first capital established by the Muslims in the Indian subcontinent after Muhammad bin Qasim seized the Brahmanabad territory. Mansura was built on the shores of the Indus River, it was surrounded by fertile farmland, Ibn Hauqal mentioned the wealthy local merchants who wore ''Baghdad Costume'' and were of Sindhi-Arab origins, houses were made of clay, baked bricks and plaster. Mansura exported herbs and spices, textiles, ivory, metals and mirrors to Baghdad. There were some renowned educational ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf
Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (; ), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate. He began his service under Caliph Abd al-Malik (), who successively promoted him as the head of the Caliph's (select troops), the governor of the Hejaz (western Arabia) in 692–694, and the practical viceroy of a unified Iraqi province and the eastern parts of the Caliphate in 694. Al-Hajjaj retained the last post under Abd al-Malik's son and successor al-Walid I (), whose decision-making was heavily influenced by al-Hajjaj, until his death in 714. As governor of Iraq and the east, al-Hajjaj instituted key reforms. Among these were the minting of silver dirhams with strictly Muslim religious formulas instead of the coins' traditional, pre-Islamic Sasanian design; changing the language of the (tax registers) of Iraq from Persian to Arabic; and the introduction of a uniform version of the Quran. To r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iran During The Caliphate
In 633 CE, the Arab invasion of Iran began, and finally in 654 CE it would lead to the fall of the Sassanid Empire and Iran would come under the rule of the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs. Rashidun Caliphate The Rashidun caliphate or the early caliphate, was the first Islamic state under the name of Caliphate, which appeared on the day of the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 8 June 632 CE (28 Safar 11 AH)Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. and it lasted until the year 661 CE (40 AH). The rulers were from the Companions of Muhammad and from the Quraysh tribe, respectively, Abu Bakr (ruled 632 to 634), Omar ibn al-Khattab (ruled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brahmin Dynasty Of Sindh
The Brahmin dynasty (), also known as the Chacha dynasty or Silaij dynasty, was a Sindhi Hindu dynasty that ruled the Sindh region, after usurping and overthrowing the Buddhist Rai dynasty of Sindh. Most of the information about its existence comes from the ''Chach Nama'', a historical account of the Chach-Brahmin dynasty. The members of the dynasty continued to administer parts of Sindh under the Umayyad Caliphate's Caliphal province of Sind after it Umayyad conquest of Sindh, fell in 712. These rulers include Hullishāh and Shishah. History The dynasty was founded by a Brahmin named Chach of Aror after he married the widow of Rai Sahasi II and usurped the Buddhist Rai dynasty. His claim was further secured by the killing of Rai Sahasi II's brother. The casus belli for the Ummayad invasion was Sindhi pirates seizing tribute sent from the king of Serendib to the Ummayad Caliph. For the campaign Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan granted a large army to the governor Al-Hajjaj ibn Yu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
