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Barefoot Szlachta
In the history of Poland, barefoot szlachta () was the landless szlachta, who neither owned or rented land; the poorest szlachta, considered the "lowest of the high."Maciej A. PieńkowskGołota – hołota? Jak żyła uboga szlachta March 25, 2019, citing Anna Laszczuk, "Szlachta województwa krakowskiego w świetle rejestrów pogłównego z 1662 roku", ', vol. 79, no. 3, 1988, 425–456 In legal documents they were called (""). Until the end of the 16th century landless ''szlachta'' had limited rights, in particular they could not hold an office and were subject to some restrictions in court, in particular, the nobles' right '' neminem captivabimus'' (a form of personal immunity) was questioned. During 16th-18th centuries they formally had full rights. Since they had no income they sought to be clients of magnates, in particular they sold them their voices in sejmiks and served in their private armies. The Constitution of 3 May 1791 deprived them of the right to vote in sejmiks, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Poland
The history of Poland spans over a thousand years, from Lechites, medieval tribes, Christianization of Poland, Christianization and Kingdom of Poland, monarchy; through Polish Golden Age, Poland's Golden Age, Polonization, expansionism and becoming one of the largest Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, European powers; to its Partitions of Poland, collapse and partitions, two world wars, Polish People's Republic, communism, and the restoration of democracy. The roots of Polish history can be traced to Ancient history, ancient times, when the territory of present-day Poland was inhabited by diverse ethnic groups, including Celts, Scythians, Sarmatians, Slavs, Balts and Germanic peoples. However, it was the West Slavs, West Slavic Lechites, the closest ancestors of ethnic Polish people, Poles, who established permanent settlements during the Early Middle Ages. The Lechitic Polans (western), Western Polans, a tribe whose name denotes "people living in open fields", dominated the re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Szlachta
The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social class, and they dominated those states by exercising szlachta's privileges, political rights and power. Szlachta as a class differed significantly from the Feudalism, feudal nobility of Western Europe. The estate was officially abolished in 1921 by the March Constitution (Poland), March Constitution."Szlachta. Szlachta w Polsce" ''Encyklopedia PWN'' The origins of the ''szlachta'' are obscure and the subject of several theories. The ''szlachta'' secured Golden Liberty, substantial and increasing political power and rights throughout its history, begin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neminem Captivabimus
''Neminem captivabimus'' is a legal term in Polish and Lithuanian historical law that was short for ' (Latin, "We shall not arrest anyone without a court verdict"). In the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, it was one of the szlachta's privileges, stating that the king could neither punish nor imprison any member of the ''szlachta'' without a viable court verdict. Its purpose was to release someone who had been arrested unlawfully. ''Neminem captivabimus'' had nothing to do with whether the prisoner is guilty but only with whether due process had been observed. It was introduced by King Władysław Jagiełło in the Acts of Jedlnia (1430) and Kraków (1433) and remained in use until the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795). The same acts guaranteed that he would not confiscate any ''szlachta'' property without a court verdict. The Four-Year Sejm (1791) decided that the privilege be granted to inhabitants of royal cities who owned real pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnate
The term magnate, from the late Latin ''magnas'', a great man, itself from Latin ''magnus'', "great", means a man from the higher nobility, a man who belongs to the high office-holders or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since the medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops, archbishops and cardinals. In reference to the medieval, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords, such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage. In Poland the ''szlachta'' (nobles) constituted one of the largest proportions of the population (around 10-12%) and 'magnat' refers to the richest nobles, or nobles of the nobility - even though they had equal voting rights in Poland's electoral monarchy. England In England, the magnate class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sejmik
A sejmik (, diminutive of ''sejm'', occasionally translated as a ''dietine''; ) was one of various local parliaments in the history of Poland and history of Lithuania. The first sejmiks were regional assemblies in the Kingdom of Poland (before 1572), though they gained significantly more influence in the later era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (18th century). Sejmiks arose around the late 14th and early 15th centuries and existed until the end of the Commonwealth in 1795, following the partitions of the Commonwealth. In a limited form, some sejmiks existed in partitioned Poland (1795–1918), and later in the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). In modern Poland, since 1999, the term has revived with the ''voivodeship sejmiks'' (''sejmiki województwa''), referring to the elected councils of each of the 16 voivodeships. The competencies of sejmiks varied over time, and there were also geographical differences. Often, numerous different types of sejmiks coexisted in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitution Of 3 May 1791
The Constitution of 3 May 1791, titled the Government Act, was a written constitution for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that was adopted by the Great Sejm that met between 1788 and 1792. The Commonwealth was a dual monarchy comprising the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the new constitution was intended to address political questions following a period of political agitation and gradual reform that began with the Convocation Sejm of 1764 and the Royal elections in Poland, election that year of the Commonwealth's last monarch, Stanisław August Poniatowski. It was the first codified, modern constitution (possessing checks and balances and a tripartite separation of powers) in Europe and the second in the world, after that of the Constitution of the United States, United States. The Constitution sought to implement a more effective constitutional monarchy, introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility, and placed the peasant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zamoyski Code
Zamoyski Code ( or ''Zbiór praw sądowych na mocy konstytucji roku 1776 przez J.W. Andrzeja Zamoyskiego ekskanclerza koronnego ułożony...'' These sentiments were used by two foreign powers, which did not want to see the Code passed for their own separate reasons: the Vatican (Holy See) opposed the Code, as it limited ecclesiastical law throughout the Commonwealth, replacing it with secular law; the Russian Empire saw the Code as going too far in reforming and strengthening the inefficient and Russia-dependent Polish governance. Working together, in an unlikely alliance between the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Russia, papal nuncio Giovanni Andrea Archetti and Russian ambassador Otto Magnus von Stackelberg jointly bribed deputies to the Polish Sejm in exchange for their opposition to the Code.Richard Butterwick, ''Poland's Last King and English Culture: Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1732–1798'', Oxford University Press, 1998, Print, p.158-162/ref>Jerzy Kłoczowski, ''A H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poll Tax
A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources. ''Poll'' is an archaic term for "head" or "top of the head". The sense of "counting heads" is found in phrases like polling place and opinion poll. Head taxes were important sources of revenue for many governments from ancient times until the 19th century. In the United Kingdom, poll taxes were levied by the governments of John of Gaunt in the 14th century, Charles II in the 17th and Margaret Thatcher in the 20th century. In the United States, voting poll taxes (whose payment was a precondition to voting in an election) have been used to disenfranchise impoverished and minority voters (especially after Reconstruction). Poll taxes are regressive, meaning the higher someone's income is, the lower the tax is as a proportion of income: for example, a $100 tax on an income of $10,000 is a 1% tax rate, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Nobility
The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social class, and they dominated those states by exercising szlachta's privileges, political rights and power. Szlachta as a class differed significantly from the Feudalism, feudal nobility of Western Europe. The estate was officially abolished in 1921 by the March Constitution (Poland), March Constitution."Szlachta. Szlachta w Polsce" ''Encyklopedia PWN'' The origins of the ''szlachta'' are obscure and the subject of several theories. The ''szlachta'' secured Golden Liberty, substantial and increasing political power and rights throughout its history, begin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
