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Barbouzes
The Barbouzes ("bearded ones", or "fake-beards") were a group of armed counterinsurgents established with the purpose of suppressing the Organisation Armée Secrète (OAS) in Algeria from 1961 to 1962, when they were defeated by OAS militants. Working clandestinely and outside the legal parameters of the French army and police, the Barbouzes used violent terrorist tactics in an attempt to defeat the OAS. Origins In the summer of 1961, when Algiers was under regular terrorist attack from the anti-independence paramilitary organisation, the OAS, three supporters of General Charles de Gaulle met in Paris to discuss their plans for response. Jacques Dauer, Louis Joxe, and Raymond Schmittlein, were the founders of the Mouvement Pour la Communauté established in 1959 (MPC, referred to as Mouvement pour la Coopération in Alger) to offer support to General de Gaulle's political ambitions in Algeria. It was agreed that the propaganda posters of the MPC were no longer sufficient and that m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organisation Armée Secrète
The ''Organisation armée secrète'' (OAS, "Secret Army Organisation") was a far-right dissident French paramilitary and terrorist organisation during the Algerian War, founded in 1961 by Raoul Salan, Pierre Lagaillarde and Jean-Jacques Susini. The OAS carried out several terrorist attacks, including tortures, bombings and assassinations, all resulting in over 2,000 deaths in an attempt to prevent Algeria's independence from French colonial rule. Its motto was ' ("Algeria is French and so will remain"). The OAS was formed from existing networks, calling themselves "counter-terrorists", "self-defence groups", or "resistance", which had carried out attacks on the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) and their perceived supporters since early in the war. It was officially formed in Francoist Spain, in Madrid in January 1961, as a response by some French politicians and French military officers to the 8 January 1961 referendum on self-determination concerning Algeria, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles De Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free France, Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 to restore democracy in France. In 1958, amid the May 1958 crisis in France, Algiers putsch, he came out of retirement when appointed Prime Minister of France, Prime Minister by President René Coty. He rewrote the Constitution of France and founded the French Fifth Republic, Fifth Republic after approval by 1958 French constitutional referendum, referendum. He was elected President of France later that year, a position he held until his resignation in 1969. Born in Lille, he was a decorated officer of World War I, wounded several times and taken prisoner of war (POW) by the Germans. During the interwar period, he advocated mobile armoured divisions. During the German invasion of May 1940, he led an armoured divisi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Joxe
Louis Joxe (16 September 1901 – 6 April 1991) was a French statesman, judge, and politician. He was born in Bourg-la-Reine, Hauts-de-Seine. Career Joxe, along with René Capitant, the resistance organization Combat-Algérie, the only branch of Combat outside of metropolitan France. * Ambassador of France to the USSR (1952–1955) * Ambassador of France to the Federal Republic of Germany (-July 1956) * Secretary General * Minister of National Education (from 15 January 1960 to 23 November 1960 and from 15 October 1962 to 28 November 1962) * Minister of Algerian Affairs (1960–1962) - signed the Évian Accords * Minister of Administrative Reforms (1962–1967) * Minister of Justice (6 April 1967 to 30 May 1968) * Deputy of Rhône (1967–1977) * Judge of the Constitutional Council of France The Constitutional Council (, ) is the highest constitutional authority in France. It was established by the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958 to ensure that constit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel Debré
Michel Jean-Pierre Debré (; 15 January 1912 – 2 August 1996) was the first Prime Minister of the French Fifth Republic. He is considered the "father" of the current Constitution of France. He served under President Charles de Gaulle from 1959 to 1962. In terms of political personality, Debré was intense and immovable and had a tendency to rhetorical extremism. Early life Debré was born in Paris, the son of Jeanne-Marguerite (Debat-Ponsan) and Robert Debré, a well-known professor of medicine, who is today considered by many to be the founder of modern pediatrics. His maternal grandfather was academic painter Édouard Debat-Ponsan. Debré's father was Jewish, and his grandfather was a rabbi. Debré himself was Roman Catholic. He studied at the Lycée Montaigne and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, obtained a diploma from the École Libre des Sciences Politiques, and a PhD in Law from the University of Paris. He then became a Professor of Law at the University of Paris. H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A History Of Algeria
''A History of Algeria'' is a book by James McDougall and published in 2017 by Cambridge University Press. The work is an overview of the history of Algeria from the sixteenth century until 2016. Structure The work contains normal front material, including maps, followed by an introduction by the author, and seven main chapters: # Ecologies, Societies, Cultures and the State, 1516–1830 # Conquest, Resistance and Accommodation, 1830–1911 # The Means of Domination, 1830–1944 # The Politics of Loyalty and Dissent, 1912–1942 # Revolution and Civil War, 1942–1962 # The Unfinished Revolution, 1962–1992 # The Fragile and Resilient Country, 1992–2012 The work concludes with an afterword and bibliography. Academic journal reviews * * * * * Publication history * Original paperback edition: 2017, Cambridge University Press. * eBook edition: 2017, Cambridge University Press. About the author Similar or related works * A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962 by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History And The Culture Of Nationalism In Algeria
''History and the Culture of Nationalism in Algeria'' is a book by James McDougall published originally by Cambridge University Press in 2006. It is part of the Cambridge Middle East Studies Series (Number 24). The book is an analysis of how the Algerian nationalist narrative was created and developed in popular memory. The author pays particular attention to the role the Association of Muslim Scholars and Ahmad Tawfiq al-Madani played in the development of the nationalist narrative. Structure The work contains normal front material, a preface, an essay titled ''The Language of History'', and a prologue centered on Tunis in 1899. This is followed by five main essays: # The margins of a world in fragments # The conquest conquered? # The doctors of new religion # Saint cults and ancestors # Arabs and Berbers? It concludes with an epilogue centered on Algiers in 2001, an essay entitled ''The invention of authenticity'', and a bibliography. Academic journal reviews * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Units And Formations Of France In The Algerian War
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a distinct military uniform. They may consist of one or more military branches such as an army, navy, air force, space force, marines, or coast guard. The main task of a military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats. In broad usage, the terms "armed forces" and "military" are often synonymous, although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country's armed forces may include other paramilitary forces such as armed police. Beyond warfare, the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non-sanctioned functions within the state, including internal security threats, crowd control, promotion of political agendas, emergency services and reconstruction, prot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1961 Establishments In Algeria
Events January * January 1 – Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1961, Monetary reform in the Soviet Union. * January 3 ** United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba (Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015). ** Aero Flight 311 (Koivulahti air disaster): Douglas DC-3C OH-LCC of Finnish airline Finnair, Aero crashes near Kvevlax (Koivulahti), on approach to Vaasa Airport in Finland, killing all 25 on board, due to pilot error: an investigation finds that the Captain (civil aviation), captain and First officer (civil aviation), first officer were both exhausted for lack of sleep, and had consumed excessive amounts of alcohol at the time of the crash. It remains the deadliest air disaster to occur in the country. * January 5 ** Italian sculptor Alfredo Fioravanti enters the U.S. Consulate in Rome, and confesses that he was part of the team that forged the Etruscan terra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1962 Disestablishments In Algeria
Year 196 ( CXCVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Dexter and Messalla (or, less frequently, year 949 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 196 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Empire * Emperor Septimius Severus attempts to assassinate Clodius Albinus but fails, causing Albinus to retaliate militarily. * Emperor Septimius Severus captures and sacks Byzantium; the city is rebuilt and regains its previous prosperity. * In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul. * Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed. China * First year of the Jian'an Era, during the reign of the Xian Emperor of the Han. * The Xian Emperor returns to war-r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counterinsurgency Organizations
Counterinsurgency (COIN, or NATO spelling counter-insurgency) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries" and can be considered war by a state against a non-state adversary. Insurgency and counterinsurgency campaigns have been waged since ancient history. Western thought on fighting 'small wars' gained interest during initial periods of European colonisation, with modern thinking on counterinsurgency was developed during decolonization. During insurgency and counterinsurgency, the distinction between civilians and combatants is often blurred. Counterinsurgency may involve attempting to win the hearts and minds of populations supporting the insurgency. Alternatively, it may be waged in an attempt to intimidate or eliminate civilian populations suspected of loyalty to the insurgency through indiscrimi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
