Au Gratin Potatoes
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Au Gratin Potatoes
Gratin () is a culinary technique in which a dish is topped with a browned crust, often using breadcrumbs, grated cheese, egg or cheese.Courtine, Robert J. (ed.) (2003) ''The Concise Larousse Gastronomique'' London: Hamlyn The term may be applied to any dish made using this method such as Potato Bake. Gratin is usually prepared in a shallow dish of some kind. A gratin is baked or cooked under an overhead grill or broiler to form a golden crust on top and is often served in its baking dish. A ''gratin dish'' is a shallow oven-proof container that is commonly used to prepare gratins and similar dishes. Terminology The etymology of gratin is from the French language words ''gratter'', meaning "to scrape" (from having to scrape the food out of the dish it was cooked in). The technique predates the current name, which did not appear in English until 1846 (''OED'', ''s.v.'' "gratin"). In addition to the well-known potato dishes such as ''gratin dauphinois'', ''gratin'' may be a ...
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Avocado Gratin
The avocado, alligator pear or avocado pear (''Persea americana'') is an evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is native to the Americas and was first domesticated in Mesoamerica more than 5,000 years ago. It was prized for its large and unusually oily fruit. The tree likely originated in the highlands bridging south-central Mexico and Guatemala. Avocado trees have a native growth range from Mexico to Costa Rica. Its fruit, sometimes also referred to as an alligator pear or avocado pear, is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. Sequencing of its genome showed that the evolution of avocados was shaped by polyploidy events and that commercial varieties have a hybrid origin. Avocado trees are partly self-pollinating, and are often propagated through grafting to maintain consistent fruit output. Avocados are presently cultivated in the tropical and Mediterranean climates of many countries. , Mexico is the world's leading producer of avocados, ...
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Bouillon (broth)
Bouillon can refer to: Food * Bouillon (broth), a simple broth ** Court-bouillon, a quick broth * Bouillon (soup), a Haitian soup * Bouillon (restaurant), a traditional type of French restaurant **Bouillon Chartier, a bouillon restaurant founded in 1896 * Bouillon (grape), another name for the French wine grape Folle Blanche * Bouillon cube, used in cooking, especially in soups People * Cardinal de Bouillon, French prelate and diplomat born Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1643–1715) * Christophe Bouillon (born 1969), member of the National Assembly of France * Duchess of Bouillon, a French title since the 10th century * Francis Bouillon, a defenseman for the Montreal Canadiens hockey team * Godfrey de Bouillon, a Lord of Bouillon and a leader of the First Crusade * Jean Bouillon (1926–2009), Belgian marine biologist * Jean-Claude Bouillon (1941–2017), French actor * Klaus Bouillon (born 1947), German politician * Lords of Bouillon, French titles during the Middle ...
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Janssons Frestelse
Jansson's temptation (Swedish: Janssons frestelse ()) is a traditional Swedish casserole made of potatoes, onions, pickled sprats, bread crumbs and cream. It is commonly included in a Swedish '' julbord'' (Christmas ''smörgåsbord''), and the Easter ''påskbuffé'', which is lighter than a traditional ''julbord''. The dish is also common in Finland where it is known as ''janssoninkiusaus''. Preparation The potatoes are cut into thin strips and layered in a roasting tin, alternating with the sprats and chopped onions in between. Salt and pepper is put over each layer, then cream is added so that it almost fills the tin. It is finally baked in an oven at for about one hour. The type of fish used in this dish is often mistranslated into English, writing anchovies when it should be sprats. This is because sprats (''Sprattus sprattus'') pickled in sugar, salt and spices have been known in Sweden as ''ansjovis'' since the middle of the 19th century, while true anchovies (''Engrau ...
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Mussel
Mussel () is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs, from saltwater and Freshwater bivalve, freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval. The word "mussel" is frequently used to mean the bivalves of the marine family Mytilidae, most of which live on exposed shores in the intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong Byssus, byssal threads ("beard") to a firm substrate. A few species (in the genus ''Bathymodiolus'') have colonised hydrothermal vents associated with deep ocean ridges. In most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. The external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior is silvery and somewhat nacreous. The common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the freshwater pearl mussels. F ...
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Sole (fish)
Sole is a fish belonging to several families. Generally speaking, they are members of the family Soleidae, but, outside Europe, the name ''sole'' is also applied to various other similar flatfish, especially other members of the sole suborder Soleoidei as well as members of the flounder family. In European cookery, there are several species which may be considered ''true soles'', but the common or Dover sole '' Solea solea'', often simply called ''the sole'', is the most esteemed and most widely available. Etymology of the word The word ''sole'' in English, French, and Italian comes from its resemblance to a sandal, Latin . In other languages, it is named for the tongue, e.g. Greek (), German , Dutch or or the smaller and popular (young sole), Hungarian , Spanish , Cantonese (, 'dragon tongue'), Arabic () (for the common sole) meaning 'the tongue of ox' in Qosbawi accent, Turkish . A partial list of common names for species referred to as sole include: *In the ''sole' ...
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Parmesan
Parmesan (, ) is an Italian cuisine, Italian Types of cheese#Hard cheese, hard, Types of cheese#Granular, granular cheese produced from Dairy cattle, cow's milk and aged at least 12 months. It is a Grana (cheese), grana-type cheese, along with Grana Padano, the historic , and others. The term ''Parmesan'' may refer to either Parmigiano Reggiano or, when outside the European Union and Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, Lisbon Agreement countries, a locally produced Parmesan#Non-European Parmesan cheese, imitation. Parmigiano Reggiano is named after two of the areas which produce it, the Italian provinces of Province of Parma, Parma and Province of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia (''Parmigiano'' is the Italian adjective for the city and province of Parma and ''Reggiano'' is the adjective for the province of Reggio Emilia); it is also produced in the part of Province of Bologna, Bologna west of the Reno (river), River ...
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Mozzarella
Mozzarella is a Types of cheese#Semi-soft cheese, semi-soft non-aged cheese prepared using the ('stretched-curd') method with origins from southern Italy. It is prepared with cow's milk or buffalo milk, taking the following names: * or mozzarella: cow's milk. * : Italian Mediterranean buffalo, Italian buffalo's milk. Fresh mozzarella is white, while the occasional yellow or brown colour of mozzarella comes from the enzyme R110. Due to its high moisture content, it is traditionally served the day after it is made but can be kept in brine for up to a week or longer when sold in Vacuum packing, vacuum-sealed packages. Fresh mozzarella can be heard to make a distinct squeaky sound when it is chewed or rubbed. Low-moisture mozzarella can be kept refrigerated for up to a month, although some shredded low-moisture mozzarella is sold with a shelf life of up to six months. Mozzarella is used for most types of pizza and several pasta dishes or served with sliced tomatoes and basil in ...
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Scamorza
() is a Southern Italy, southern Italian Cattle, cow's milk cheese. It can also be made from other milk, but that is less common. It is a (‘stretched curd’) cheese, in which the fresh curd matures in its own whey for several hours to allow the acidity to develop through the conversion of lactose to lactic acid. Artisan, Artisanal cheese makers generally form the cheese into a round shape, then tie a string around the mass one-third of the distance from the top, and hang it to dry. The resulting shape is pear-like. This is sometimes referred to as "strangling" the cheese. The cheese is usually white unless Smoked cheese, smoked. When smoked, the colour is almond with a lighter interior. can be substituted for mozzarella in most dishes. Etymology The term may come from the Italian phrases or , both meaning 'severed head'. This would also explain the use of in regional Italian to mean 'fool' or 'idiot'. Production areas In Italy, is more commonly made in the south. Stri ...
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Al Dente
In cooking, al dente (, ; ) pasta or rice is cooked to be firm to the bite. The term also extends to firmly-cooked vegetables. In contemporary Italian cooking, it is considered to be the ideal consistency for pasta and involves a brief cooking time. ''Molto al dente'' is the Italian term for slightly undercooked pasta. When cooking commercial pasta, the al dente phase occurs right before the white of the pasta center disappears. Undercooking pasta is used in the first round of cooking when a pasta dish is going to be cooked twice. Nutrition The American Diabetes Association says that al dente pasta has a lower glycemic index than pasta that is cooked soft. See also * Culinary arts * Food science * Molecular gastronomy Molecular gastronomy is the Science, scientific approach of cuisine from primarily the perspective of chemistry. The composition (Structural formula, molecular structure), properties (mass, viscosity, etc) and transformations (chemical reaction ... * ...
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Tagliatelle
Tagliatelle (; from the Italian word , meaning 'to cut') are a traditional type of pasta from the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and Marche. Individual pieces of tagliatelle are long, flat ribbons that are similar in shape to fettuccine and are traditionally about wide.''The Classic Italian Cookbook'', 1973 by Marcella Hazan Tagliatelle can be served with a variety of sauces, though the classic is a meat sauce or Bolognese sauce. Tagliatelle are traditionally made with egg pasta. The traditional ratio is one egg to one hundred grams of flour. Origins The term ''tagliatelle'' can be traced back to the Renaissance, with one of its first written records appearing in a treaty by Cristoforo di Messisbugo, steward of the House of Este in Ferrara, published in 1549. Tagliatelle are also mentioned in 1593 among the main pasta shapes by the humanist Tommaso Garzoni. A glass case in the Bologna chamber of commerce holds a solid gold replica of a piece of tagliatella, demonstrat ...
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Macaroni
Macaroni (), known in Italian as ''maccheroni'', is a pasta shaped like narrow tubes.Oxford DictionaryMacaroni/ref> Made with durum wheat, macaroni is commonly cut in short lengths; curved macaroni may be referred to as "elbow macaroni". Some home machines can make macaroni shapes but, like most pasta, macaroni is usually made commercially by large-scale extrusion. The common curved shape is created by different speeds of extrusion on opposite sides of the pasta tube as it comes out of the machine. The word ''macaroni'' is often used synonymously with elbow-shaped macaroni, as it is the variety most often used in macaroni and cheese recipes. In Italy and other countries, the noun ''maccheroni'' can refer to straight, tubular, square-ended ''pasta corta'' () or to long pasta dishes, as in '' maccheroni alla chitarra'', which is prepared with long pasta such as spaghetti. In the United States, federal regulations define three different shapes of dried pasta (macaroni, spaghetti, ...
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Fusilli
Fusilli () are a variety of pasta from southern Italy, with a Helix, helical (corkscrew) or Helicoid, helicoidal shape. Etymology ''wikt:fusillo, Fusillo'', the singular form of ''fusilli'', means 'little spindle' in Italian language, Italian. Fusilli are traditionally made by wrapping pasta dough around a spindle, or ''fuso'' in Italian. Fusilli are believed to be of Arab derivation, and are known as ''busiata'' in Sicily and ''busa'' in Sardinia, the two Italian regions where Muslim civilization first penetrated. Both ''busiata'' and ''busa'' come from the Arabic word ''bus'' (wikt:بوص, بوص), meaning the thin reed around which the dough was traditionally wound to make the pasta. Variants There are multiple regional Italian varieties of fusilli, which can be either extruded or hand-formed, solid (helicoidal) or hollow (helical), and short or long. Fusilli The common extruded solid short helicoidal variety is known simply as fusilli. The long version is known as ''fusilli ...
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