Artēštārān-sālār
''Arteshtaran-salar'' (strictly transliterated as ''artēštārān-sālār'', meaning "chief of the warriors") was a high office of the military of the Sasanian Empire, military of the Sasanian Empire. The Middle Persian titles ''artēštārān-sālār'' and ''wāst(a)ryōšān-sālār'' are both derived from the Avestan language, Avestan designations of the social classes ''vāstryō-fšuyant'' ("cattle-breeder") and ''raθaēštā'' ("warrior"). According to al-Tabari, the rank was above ''spahbed'' and below ''argbed'' (which was reserved for the royal family members). According to Procopius of Caesarea, Procopius, the bearer of the title (in Greek: ''adrastadáran salánēs'') was "a generalissimo invested with quite exceptional powers" in the 500s AD. The title is first recorded in the book ''Karnamag-i Ardashir-i Pabagan''. The first recorded bearer of the title is Kārd (or Kārdār), the third son of the chief minister Mihr-Narseh, per an account from ''Khwaday-Namag''. ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Military Of The Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian army was the primary military body of the Sasanian armed forces, serving alongside the Sasanian navy. The birth of the army dates back to the rise of Ardashir I (r. 224–241), the founder of the Sasanian Empire, to the throne. Ardashir aimed at the revival of the Persian Empire, and to further this aim, he reformed the military by forming a standing army which was under his personal command and whose officers were separate from satraps, local princes and nobility. He restored the Achaemenid military organizations, retained the Parthian cavalry model, and employed new types of armour and siege warfare techniques. This was the beginning for a military system which served him and his successors for over 400 years, during which the Sasanian Empire was, along with the Roman Empire and later the Eastern Roman Empire, one of the two superpowers of Late Antiquity in Western Eurasia. The Sasanian army protected ''Eranshahr'' ("the realm of Iran") from the East against the in ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Khwaday-Namag
''Khwadāy-Nāmag'' (New Persian: ; ) is the hypothetical title of a lost Middle Persian history of Iran from the Sasanian era. It presumably encompassed the legendary and mythical history of Iran from the beginning of time until the Sasanian period. It was a remote predecessor of Ferdowsi's ''Shahnameh'' ('Book of Kings'), the 10th-century Iranian national epic, which, it is assumed, drew from a version or versions of the ''Khwaday-Namag''. Scholars have tried to determine the content of the ''Khwaday-Namag'' through a comparison of Zoroastrian works, Arabic sources, and Ferdowsi's ''Shahnameh''. Some scholars use the term ''Khwaday-Namag'' to refer to a tradition or genre of texts dealing with Sasanian or Iranian national history, rather than to refer to a single putative original text. According to Theodor Nöldeke's theory, the book itself was composed first during the reign of Khosrow I Anushirvan (), and enlarged in the reign of the last Sasanian monarch, Yazdegerd III () ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Sasanian Military Offices
The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranians"), was an Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, the length of the Sasanian dynasty's reign over ancient Iran was second only to the directly preceding Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Founded by Ardashir I, whose rise coincided with the decline of Arsacid influence in the face of both internal and external strife, the House of Sasan was highly determined to restore the legacy of the Achaemenid Empire by expanding and consolidating the Iranian nation's dominions. Most notably, after defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia during the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, it began competing far more zealously with the neighbouring Roman Empire than the Arsacids had, thus sparking a new phase of the Roman–Iranian Wars. This effort by Ardashir's dynasty ultimately re-established Iran as a major power of late antiquity.Norman A. Stillman ''The Jews ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Positions Of Authority
Position often refers to: * Position (geometry), the spatial location (rather than orientation) of an entity * Position, a job or occupation Position may also refer to: Games and recreation * Position (poker), location relative to the dealer * Position (team sports), a player role within a team Human body * Human position, the spatial relation of the human body to itself and the environment ** Position (obstetrics), the orientation of a baby prior to birth ** Positions of the feet in ballet ** Position (music), the location of the hand on a musical instrument ** Proprioception Proprioception ( ) is the sense of self-movement, force, and body position. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, a type of sensory receptor, located within muscles, tendons, and joints. Most animals possess multiple subtypes of propri ..., the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body ** Asana (yoga), the location and posture of the body while practicing yoga ** ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Military Ranks
Military ranks is a system of hierarchy, hierarchical relationships within armed forces, police, Intelligence agency, intelligence agencies, paramilitary groups, and other institutions organized along military organisation , military lines, such as youth groups, chivalric orders, religious orders, and certain civilian organizations. Responsibility (other) , Responsibility for personnel, equipment and missions grows as each member of the organization advances in rank. The system of military ranks defines dominance, authority, and Professional responsibility, responsibility within a military hierarchy. It incorporates the principles of exercising Power (social and political), power and authority into the military Command hierarchy, chain of command—the succession of commanders superior to subordinates through which command is exercised. The military chain of command is an important component for organized collective action. Military uniform , Uniforms denote the bearer ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Khosrow I
Khosrow I (also spelled Khosrau, Khusro or Chosroes; ), traditionally known by his epithet of Anushirvan ("the Immortal Soul"), was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 531 to 579. He was the son and successor of Kavad I (). Inheriting a reinvigorated empire at war with the Byzantines, Khosrow I signed a peace treaty with them in 532, known as the Perpetual Peace, in which the Byzantine emperor Justinian I paid 11,000 pounds of gold to the Sasanians. Khosrow then focused on consolidating his power, executing conspirators, including his uncle Bawi. Dissatisfied with the actions of the Byzantine clients and vassals, the Ghassanids, and encouraged by Ostrogoth envoys from Italy, Khosrow violated the peace treaty and declared war against the Byzantines in 540. He sacked the major city of Antioch and deported its population to Persia. In 541, he invaded Lazica and made it an Iranian protectorate, thus initiating the Lazic War. In 545, the two empires agreed to halt the wars in ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Eran Spahbed
Eran is an ancient town and archaeological site in the Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It was one of the ancient mints for Indian dynasties as evidenced by the diverse coins excavated here. The site has 5th and 6th-century Gupta era temples and monuments, particularly the colossal stone boar with sages and scholars depicted on the body of the sculpture. The inscription stones found at Eran are important to reconstructing the chronology of Gupta Empire history. Eran or Erakina was the capital of ''Erakina (Airikina) Pradesha'' or ''Airkina Vishaya'', an administrative division of the Gupta Empire. Etymology The ancient name of Eran (), ''Erakaina'', ''Erakanya'' or ''Erakina'' (as mentioned in the inscriptions); ''Airikina'' (, as mentioned in the inscription of Samudragupta) or ''Erikina'' (as mentioned in the inscription of Toramana) is derived from ''Eraka''. The word ''erakā'' probably refers to a tall grass commonly called the Elephant cattail, botanical name '' ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Kavadh I
Kavad I ( ; 473 – 13 September 531) was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 488 to 531, with a two or three-year interruption. A son of Peroz I (), he was crowned by the nobles to replace his deposed and unpopular uncle Balash (). Inheriting a declining empire where the authority and status of the Sasanian kings had largely ended, Kavad tried to reorganize his empire by introducing many reforms whose implementation was completed by his son and successor, Khosrow I. They were made possible by Kavad's use of the Mazdakite preacher Mazdak, leading to a social revolution that weakened the authority of the nobility and the clergy. Because of this, and the execution of the powerful king-maker Sukhra, Kavad was deposed and imprisoned in the Castle of Oblivion. He was replaced by his brother Jamasp. However, with the aid of his sister and an officer named Siyawush, Kavad and some of his followers fled east to the territory of the Hephthalite king, who provided him with an ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Siyawush
Siyawush (also spelled Siyavash), known in Byzantine sources as Seoses (Σεόσης), was an Iranian officer, who served as the head of the Sasanian army ('' arteshtaran-salar'') during the second reign of the Sasanian king (shah) Kavad I (). In , he was accused of purposely misusing peace negotiations with the Byzantine Empire, and was thus removed from power and executed. Biography In 496, the Sasanian shah Kavad I was overthrown by the nobility and replaced by his brother Jamasp. He was imprisoned in the "Prison of Oblivion" in Khuzestan. With the aid of his sister and close-friend Siyawush, Kavad managed to free himself from imprisonment, and went to the court of the Hephthalite king, where he took refuge.Procopius6 There Kavad gained the support of the Hephthalite king, and also married the latter's daughter (who was Kavad's own niece). In 498, Kavad returned to Iran with a Hephthalite army. When Kavad crossed the domains of the Kanarangiyan family in Khorasan, he was met ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Mihr-Narseh
Mihr-Narseh ( ), was a powerful Iranian dignitary from the House of Suren, who served as minister () of the Sasanian ''shahanshahs'' Yazdegerd I (), Bahram V (), Yazdegerd II () and Peroz I (). According to the Iranologist Richard N. Frye, Mihr-Narseh was the "prototype of the later Islamic grand vizier." Notable for his religious zeal, Mihr-Narseh was the architect behind the Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422 and the Battle of Avarayr. Etymology The name of Mihr-Narseh is a combination of the Middle Iranian theophoric names of ''Mihr'' (Mithra) and . Background Mihr-Narseh was born in the 4th-century in the village of Abruwan in the rural district of Dasht-e Barin in the administrative division of Ardashir-Khwarrah, in southwestern Pars. He belonged to the House of Suren, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran. The family, of Parthian origin, had been active in Iranian politics since the Arsacid Empire, and held parts of Sakastan as their personal fiefdom. It was th ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranian peoples, Iranians"), was an List of monarchs of Iran, Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, the length of the Sasanian dynasty's reign over ancient Iran was second only to the directly preceding Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Founded by Ardashir I, whose rise coincided with the decline of Arsacid influence in the face of both internal and external strife, the House of Sasan was highly determined to restore the legacy of the Achaemenid Empire by expanding and consolidating the Iranian nation's dominions. Most notably, after defeating Artabanus IV of Parthia during the Battle of Hormozdgan in 224, it began competing far more zealously with the neighbouring Roman Empire than the Arsacids had, thus sparking a new phase of the Roman–Iranian Wars. This effort by Ardashir's dynasty ultimately re-established Iran as a major power of late an ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |
|
Karnamag-i Ardashir-i Pabagan
The (''Book of the Deeds of Ardashir, Son of Papag'') is a short Middle Persian prose tale written in the Sasanian period (226–651). It tells the story of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty, including his rise to the throne, battle against the Parthian king Artabanus IV, and conquest of the Parthian Empire. It also contains sections about his successor Shapur and the latter’s son, Hormizd. According to the ''Kar-Namag'', after Ardashir was born to Sasan and the daughter of Pabag, he spent his childhood in the court of Artabanus IV of Parthia and then ran away with a maidservant of the king. After several wars with Artabanus, Ardashir I defeated and killed the king, after which he founded the new empire. The ''Kar-Namag'' is permeated with Zoroastrian doctrine. Manuscripts The sole independent manuscript of this text to have been identified so far is codex MK, which was copied in 1322 in Gujarat by Mihrābān ī Kay-Husraw, a gifted copyist belonging to a well ... [...More Info...]       [...Related Items...]     OR:     [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Baidu]   |