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Anthracobunid
Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period. They were originally considered to be a paraphyletic family of primitive proboscideans possibly ancestral to the Moeritheriidae and the desmostylians. The family has also thought to be ancestral to the Sirenia. They superficially resemble the Moeritheriidae in both size and cheek tooth morphology, but lack their characteristic tusks. They were relatively small, ranging in size from 1 to 2 m in length. They are known only from fragmentary remains (mainly teeth) from Eocene deposits of the northwestern part of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. Recently excavated fossils with well-preserved jaws and teeth demonstrate that these animals were either perissodactyls or else part of a more primitive sister group to the perissodactyls. The anthracobunids were probably amphibious and lived in marshy environments. Analyses of stable isotopes and long bone geometry suggest most anthrac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perissodactyl
Odd-toed ungulates, mammals which constitute the taxonomic order Perissodactyla (, ), are animals—ungulates—who have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three (rhinoceroses and tapirs, with tapirs still using four toes on the front legs) or one (equines, third toe) of the five original toes. The non-weight-bearing toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, the even-toed ungulates bear most of their weight equally on four or two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as even-toed ungulates, with the exception of Suina, do. The order includes about 17 species divided into three families: Equidae (horses, asses, and zebras), Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses), and Tapiridae (tapirs). Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lammidhania
''Lammidhania'' is an extinct genus of anthracobunids, which lived from the early to middle Eocene period. Its fossil remains were discovered in 1940 in the Chorlakki locality of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the smallest known anthracobunid, and was formerly classified with proboscidea The Proboscidea (; , ) are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family ( Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. Fr ...ns. Cooper ''et al.'' (2014) regard most specimens referred to the genus as belonging to '' Anthracobune''. References * N.A. Wells and Philip D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. * Philip D. Gingerich. 1977. A small collection of fossil verteb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hsanotherium
''Hsanotherium'' is an extinct genus of early ungulate from the middle Eocene, described in 2000 in the Pondaung Formation, Myanmar. It was originally assigned to Anthracobunidae (formerly considered proboscideans, now perissodactyls) making it the first of that family to be discovered outside India and Pakistan and also the smallest. However, the authors of a 2014 cladistic study regard it as more similar to medium-sized bunodont artiodactyl The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla , ) are ungulates—hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing poste ...s, such as '' Haqueina''. References * DUCROCQ S.; AUNG NAING SOE; BO B.; BENAMMI M.; CHAIMANEE Y.; TUN T.; THEINE T.; JAEGER J.-J.; First record of an Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, ?Tethytheria) from the Eocene of the Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Sé ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ishatherium
''Ishatherium'' is an extinct genus of ungulate from the early Eocene of the Subathu formation in northwestern India. It is only known from a partial upper molar and was formerly classified as a sirenian. It was placed in Anthracobunidae in 1983N.A. Wells and P.D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation Kala Chitta Range (in Punjabi and ur, ''Kālā Chiṭṭā'') is a mountain range in the Attock District of Punjab, Pakistan. Kala- Chitta are Punjabi words meaning Kala the Black and Chitta means the white. The range thrusts eastward acros ... of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. but this placement was rejected in a 2014 cladistic analysis. References * {{Taxonbar, from=Q16983057 Prehistoric odd-toed ungulates Eocene odd-toed ungulates Prehistoric placental genera Fossils of India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indobune
''Indobune'' is an extinct genus of ungulate endemic to Asia during the Eocene from 55.8—48.6 Ma, living for approximately . Taxonomy ''Indobune'' was named by Rose ''et al.'' (2006). Its type is ''Indobune vastanensis''. It was assigned to Anthracobunidae by Rose ''et al.'' (2006). However, in a 2014 cladistic analysis it was suggested to more likely be a member of Cambaytheriidae. Fossil distribution Indobune fossil distribution is restricted to Gujarat state, India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ... (Vastan lignite mine). References {{Taxonbar, from=Q6025644 Eocene odd-toed ungulates Eocene mammals of Asia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthracobune
''Anthracobune'' ("coal mound") is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the middle Eocene of the Upper Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Punjab, Pakistan. The size of a small tapir, it lived in a marshy environment and fed on soft aquatic plants. It is the largest known anthracobunid. This group was formerly classified with proboscidea The Proboscidea (; , ) are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family ( Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. Fr ...ns. Notes References * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q4773836 Prehistoric odd-toed ungulates Eocene odd-toed ungulates Paleogene mammals of Asia Prehistoric placental genera Fossil taxa described in 1940 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nakusia
''Nakusia'' is an extinct genus of ungulate from the early Eocene epoch, described in 1999 in the Ghazij formation of Baluchistan, Pakistan. It was classified as an anthracobunid Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period. They were originally considered to be a paraphyletic family of primitive proboscideans possibly ancestral to the Moeritheriidae and the ... in 1999Ginsburg L.; Durrani, K. H.; Kassi, A. M.; Welcomme J.-L., Discovery of a new Anthracobunidae (Tethytheria, Mammalia) from the Lower Eocene lignite of the Kach-Harnai Area in Baluchistan (Pakistan), Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 2. Sciences de la terre et des planètes (C. r. Acad. sci., Sér. 2, Sci. terre planet.), 1999, vol. 328, no3, pp. 209-213 but was suggested in a 2014 cladistic analysis to be more likely to belong to Quettacyonidae or Cambaytheriidae. References Extinct mammals of Asia Prehistoric odd-toed ung ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proboscidea
The Proboscidea (; , ) are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family ( Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. From the mid-Miocene onwards, most proboscideans were very large. The largest land mammal of all time may have been a proboscidean; '' Palaeoloxodon namadicus'' was up to at the shoulder and may have weighed up to , almost double the weight of some sauropods like '' Diplodocus carnegii''. The largest extant proboscidean is the African bush elephant, with a record of size of at the shoulder and . In addition to their enormous size, later proboscideans are distinguished by tusks and long, muscular trunks, which were less developed or absent in early proboscideans. Three species of elephant are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. Elephantidae is the only surviving family o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilgrimella
''Pilgrimella'' is an extinct early Eocene genus of anthracobunid, a group of stem perissodactyls (formerly classified with proboscideans). It was a ground dwelling grazer with massive bilophodont molars (cusps aligned in two transverse ridges.) Dental remains of this animal have been found in Chorlakki, Punjab province, Pakistan, and in the Subathu Formation in North-West India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the .... The genus is considered by some paleontologists as a synonym of '' Anthracobune''. References * * Eocene mammals of Asia Prehistoric odd-toed ungulates Eocene odd-toed ungulates Eocene genus extinctions {{paleo-oddtoedungulate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jozaria
''Jozaria'' is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the Early to Middle Eocene of the Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan. It and other anthracobunids were formerly classified with proboscideans. Only one specimen belonging to the species ''Jozaria palustris'' has been discovered so far. Geological evidences from the place of discovery indicate that the animal lived in a brackish marsh Brackish marshes develop from salt marshes where a significant freshwater influx dilutes the seawater to brackish levels of salinity. This commonly happens upstream from salt marshes by estuaries of coastal rivers or near the mouths of coastal riv ... environment. It probably fed on soft aquatic vegetation. References * N.A. Wells and P.D. Gingerich. 1983. Review of Eocene Anthracobunidae (Mammalia, Proboscidea) with a new genus and species, ''Jozaria palustris'', from the Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan). Contrib. Mus. Pal. Univ. Michigan 26(7): 117–139. {{Taxonbar, from=Q1118 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obergfellia
''Obergfellia'' is an extinct genus of stem perissodactyl from the middle Eocene, discovered in 1980. Its known range includes northern India and Pakistan. Cooper ''et al.'' (2014) erected the genus using specimens formerly assigned to ''Anthracobune'' and ''Pilgrimella''. It is named in honor of the late married vertebrate paleontologists Friedlinde Obergfell and A. Ranga Rao. The suite of features that distinguish it from other anthracobunids are broad lower molars, short lower m3, and a fairly long angular process of the mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bon ..., but not as long as in ''Anthracobune''. References Prehistoric odd-toed ungulates Eocene odd-toed ungulates Eocene mammals of Asia Fossils of India Fossils of Pakistan Fossil taxa descr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afrotheria
Afrotheria ( from Latin ''Afro-'' "of Africa" + ''theria'' "wild beast") is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also known as sengis), tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants, sea cows, and several extinct clades. Most groups of afrotheres share little or no superficial resemblance, and their similarities have only become known in recent times because of genetics and molecular studies. Many afrothere groups are found mostly or exclusively in Africa, reflecting the fact that Africa was an island continent from the Cretaceous until the early Miocene around 20 million years ago, when Afro-Arabia collided with Eurasia. Because Africa was isolated by water, Laurasian groups of mammals such as insectivores, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivorans and ungulates could not reach Africa for much of the early to mid- Cenozoic. Instead, the niches occupied by thos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
