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Alternaria Stem Rot
Stem rot is a disease caused by a fungus infection in the stem of crop plants. Fungus that causes stem rot are in the ''Rhizoctonia'', ''Fusarium'' or ''Pythium'' genera. Stem rot can readily infect crops that are in their vegetative or flowering stages. The disease can survive up to five years in the soil. Symptoms of stem rot includes staining of infected area, reduced crop yield and crop failure. The disease can be spread through the use of unfiltered water as well as unsterilized tools. Also leaving previous dead roots in soil can increase the risk of stem rot. Spores can also enter the plant through injured stem tissue on the plant including from insect attacks. The fungus impedes stem functions like transporting nutrients. It can cause water to leak through the lesions of stem tissue. Common infected crop plants are soybeans and potatoes. An issue with maintaining this disease is the lack of management by crop producers. Producers of soybeans tend to not manage for the disea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhizoctonia
''Rhizoctonia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Ceratobasidiaceae. Species form thin, effused, corticioid basidiocarps (fruit bodies), but are most frequently found in their sterile, anamorph state. ''Rhizoctonia'' species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens, causing commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids. The genus name was formerly used to accommodate many superficially similar, but unrelated fungi. Taxonomy History Anamorphs ''Rhizoctonia'' was introduced in 1815 by French mycologist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle for anamorphic plant pathogenic fungi that produce both hyphae and sclerotia. The name is derived from Ancient Greek, ῥίζα (''rhiza'', "root") + κτόνος (''ktonos'', "murder"), and de Candolle's original species, ''Rhizoctonia crocorum'' ( teleomorph '' Helicobasidium purpureum''), is the causal agent of violet root rot of carrots and other root vegetables. Subsequent a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phytophthora Sojae
''Phytophthora sojae'' is an oomycete and a soil-borne plant pathogen that causes stem and root rot of soybean. This is a prevalent disease in most soybean growing regions, and a major cause of crop loss. In wet conditions the pathogen produces zoospores that move in water and are attracted to soybean roots. Zoospores can attach to roots, germinate, and infect the plant tissues. Diseased roots develop lesions that may spread up the stem and eventually kill the entire plant. ''Phytophthora sojae'' also produces oospores that can remain dormant in the soil over the winter, or longer, and germinate when conditions are favourable. Oospores may also be spread by animals or machinery. ''Phytophthora sojae'' is a diploid organism with a genome size of 95 Mbp (Millions of base pairs). The natural chemical farinomalein (a metabolite from entomopathogenic fungus '' Paecilomyces farinosus''Sastia P. Putri, Hiroshi Kinoshita, Fumio Ihara, Yasuhiro Igarashi and Takuya Nihira. ''Farinoma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peas
Pea (''pisum'' in Latin) is a pulse or fodder crop, but the word often refers to the seed or sometimes the pod of this flowering plant species. Peas are eaten as a vegetable. Carl Linnaeus gave the species the scientific name ''Pisum sativum'' in 1753 (meaning cultivated pea). Some sources now treat it as ''Lathyrus oleraceus''; however the need and justification for the change is disputed. Each pod contains several seeds (peas), which can have green or yellow cotyledons when mature. Botanically, pea pods are fruit, since they contain seeds and develop from the ovary of a "pea" flower. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (''Cajanus cajan''), the cowpea (''Vigna unguiculata''), the seeds from several species of '' Lathyrus'' and is used as a compound form - for instance, in Sturt's desert pea. Peas are annual plants, with a life cycle of one year. They are a cool-season crop grown in many parts of the world; planti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beans
A bean is the seed of some plants in the legume family (Fabaceae) used as a vegetable for human consumption or animal feed. The seeds are often preserved through drying (a ''pulse''), but fresh beans are also sold. Dried beans are traditionally soaked and boiled, and used in many traditional dishes throughout the world. They can be cooked in many different ways, however, including frying and baking. The unripe seedpods of some varieties are also eaten whole as green beans or ''edamame'' (immature soybean), but many fully ripened beans contain toxins like Phytohaemagglutinin, phytohemagglutinin and require cooking. Terminology The word "bean" and its Germanic cognates (e.g. German language, German ''wikt:Bohne#Noun, Bohne'') have existed in common use in West Germanic languages since before the 12th century, referring to Vicia faba, broad beans, chickpeas, and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the New World genus ''Phaseolus'' was known in Europe. With the Colum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain and in its Domestication, domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa. Rice is the seed of the grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice)—or, much less commonly, ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). Asian rice was domesticated in China some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago; African rice was domesticated in Africa about 3,000 years ago. Rice has become commonplace in many cultures worldwide; in 2023, 800 million tons were produced, placing it third after sugarcane and maize. Only some 8% of rice is traded internationally. China, India, and Indonesia are the largest consumers of rice. A substantial amount of the rice produced in developing nations is lost after harvest through factors such as poor transport and storage. Rice yields can be reduced by pests including insects, rodents, and birds, as well as by weeds, and by List of rice diseases, diseases such as rice blast. Traditional rice polyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotton
Cotton (), first recorded in ancient India, is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus '' Gossypium'' in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, and can contain minor percentages of waxes, fats, pectins, and water. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds. The plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, Egypt and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds. The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable, and durable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated to the fifth millennium BC have been found in the Indus Valley civilizat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turmeric
Turmeric (), or ''Curcuma longa'' (), is a flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae. It is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia that requires temperatures between and high annual rainfall to thrive. Plants are gathered each year for their rhizomes, some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption or dyeing. The rhizomes can be used fresh, but they are often boiled in water and dried, after which they are ground into a deep orange-yellow shelf-stable spice powder commonly used as a coloring and flavoring agent in many Asian cuisines, especially for curries ( curry powder). Turmeric powder has a warm, bitter, black pepper-like flavor and earthy, mustard-like aroma. Although long used in Ayurvedic medicine, there is no high-quality clinical evidence that consuming turmeric or the principal turmeric constituent, curcumin, is effective for treating any disease. Curcumin, a bright ye ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bent Grass
''Agrostis'' (bent or bentgrass) is a large and very nearly cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family, found in nearly all the countries in the world. It has been bred as a GMO creeping bent grass. Species , Plants of the World Online accepted the following species: *'' Agrostis ambatoensis'' Asteg. * ''Agrostis'' × ''amurensis'' Prob. *'' Agrostis anadyrensis'' Soczava *'' Agrostis angrenica'' (Butkov) Tzvelev * ''Agrostis'' × ''aquitanica'' Romero Zarco & Romero García *'' Agrostis arvensis'' Phil. *'' Agrostis atlantica'' Maire & Trab. *'' Agrostis australiensis'' Mez * ''Agrostis'' × ''avatschensis'' Prob. *'' Agrostis balansae'' (Boiss.) Tzvelev *''Agrostis barikii'' P.Agnihotri & D.Prasad *'' Agrostis basalis'' Luces *'' Agrostis bergiana'' Trin. *'' Agrostis bettyae'' S.W.L.Jacobs * ''Agrostis'' × ''bjoerkmannii'' Widén *''Agrostis blasdalei'' Hitchc. *''Agrostis boormanii'' Vickery *''Agrostis bourgaei'' E.Fourn. *''Agrostis boyacensis'' Swallen & Garcí ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pythium Graminicola
''Pythium graminicola'' is a plant pathogen infecting cereals. Host and symptoms ''Pythium graminicola'' infects a wide range of hosts, including: bent grass, turmeric, cotton, barley, wheat, rice, beans, peas, and sugarcane. In particular ''Pythium graminicola'' is an important pathogen of graminaceous plants. As with many '' Pythium'' diseases, the most common symptom of ''Pythium graminicola'' is root/seed rot, which can then cause damping off. However, ''Pythium graminicola'' can also infect above ground tissue causing stalk rot in maize, foot rot of beans, leaf blight of grasses and feeder root necrosis in rice, sugarcane and maize. Diagnosis of ''Pythium graminicola'' can be made through observation of the above symptoms and the presence of oomycete structures, such as sporangia. Disease cycle The life cycle of ''Pythium graminicola'' is essentially the same as the generalized ''Pythium'', soil borne pathogen life cycle. In the sexual state of ''Pythium graminicola'' an an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delphinium Ajacis
''Consolida ajacis'' (doubtful knight's spur or rocket larkspur) is an annual flowering plant of the family Ranunculaceae native to Eurasia. It is widespread in other areas, including much of North America, where it is an introduced species. It is frequently grown in gardens as an ornamental for its spikes of blue, pink or white flowers. It may reach a meter in height. Since the aerial parts and seeds of ''C. ajacis'' have been found to contain diterpenoid alkaloids (see chemical constituents below), including the highly toxic methyllycaconitineV. Venkateswarlu, S. K. Srivastava, B. S. Joshi, H. K. Desai and S. W. Pelletier (1995) ''J. Nat. Prod.'' 58 1527-1532., the plants should be considered as poisonous. Sowing In the UK, ''Consolida ajacis'' can be sowed under cover between February and April, or directly outdoors between April and May and/or late August and September. Flowering In Europe, it flowers between June and October. Chemical constituents The first alkaloid to b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verbena
''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas and Asia; however, '' Verbena officinalis'', the common vervain or common verbena, is the type species and native to Europe. Naming In English, the name ''Verbena'' is usually used in the United States and the United Kingdom; elsewhere, the terms ''verveine'' or ''vervain'' are in use. Description Verbena is a herbaceous flowering plant, belonging to the Verbenaceae family, and may be annual or perennial depending on the species. The leaves are usually opposite, simple, and in many species hairy, often densely so. The flowers are small, with five petals, and borne in dense spikes. Typically some shade of blue, they may also be white, pink, or purple, especially in cultivars. The genus can be divided into a diploid North American and a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemums ( ), sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants in the Asteraceae family. They are native to East Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia, and the center of diversity is in China. Countless horticultural varieties and cultivars exist. Description The genus ''Chrysanthemum'' are perennial herbaceous flowering plants, sometimes subshrubs. The leaves are alternate, divided into leaflets and may be pinnatisect, lobed, or serrate (toothed) but rarely entire; they are connected to stalks with hairy bases. The compound inflorescence is an array of several flower heads, or sometimes a solitary head. The head has a base covered in layers of phyllaries. The simple row of ray florets is white, yellow, or red. The disc florets are yellow. Pollen grains are approximately 34 microns. The fruit is a ribbed achene. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
