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Alphavirus
''Alphavirus'' is a genus of RNA viruses, the sole genus in the ''Togaviridae'' family. Alphaviruses belong to group IV of the Baltimore classification of viruses, with a Positive-sense ssRNA virus#Replication, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are 32 alphaviruses, which infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses, as well as invertebrates. Alphaviruses that could infect both vertebrates and arthropods are referred dual-host alphaviruses, while insect-specific alphaviruses such as Eilat virus and Yada yada virus are restricted to their competent arthropod vector. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes, making the alphaviruses a member of the collection of arboviruses – or arthropod-borne viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical (although slightly Pleomorphism (microbiology), pleomorphic), and have a 40 nm isometric n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eilat Virus
''Eilat virus'' (EILV) is a unique ''Alphavirus'' which is known mainly for its host range restriction generally to insects (primarily to mosquitoes) by means of RNA replication. The virus is found in the Negev desert. It is incapable of infecting vertebrate cells, differentiating it from other alphaviruses. Virology The ''Eilat virus'' is from the family ''Togaviridae'', genus ''Alphavirus''. Alphaviruses are miniature spherical shaped (around 70 nm in diameter) enveloped viruses which consist of a positive sense (5' to 3') RNA genome, which encompasses two ORF's (Open Reading Frame which is an incessant stretch of codons that do not contain a stop codon). Four nonstructural proteins are encoded on two thirds of the genome (5' end), which include nsP1, nsP2, nsP3, nsP4. While five structural proteins ( sPs; Capsid, E1, E2, E3, and 6K) are encoded on the one third part of the genome ( 3' portion). By receptor-mediated endocytosis alphaviruses gain entry into a host cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rio Negro Virus
''Rio Negro virus'' is an alphavirus that was first isolated in Argentina in 1980. The virus was first called Ag80-663 but was renamed to ''Rio Negro virus'' in 2005. It is a former member of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex (VEEC), which are a group of alphaviruses in the Americas that have the potential to emerge and cause disease. Río Negro virus was recently reclassified as a distinct species. Closely related viruses include ''Mucambo virus'' and '' Everglades virus''. Structure ''Rio Negro virus'' is a spherical, enveloped virus. The complete virus particle, called a virion, leaves the host cell by budding and using a part of its host cell's membrane as the envelope. On the surface of the envelope are proteins that attach to receptors on the surface of cells. There are 80 'spikes' embedded in the stolen membrane, which are arranged in a T=4 icosahedral symmetry. In all, the Rio Negro virion is about 70 nanometers (nm) in diameter with 3 structural proteins making ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middelburg Virus
''Middelburg virus'' (MIDV) is an alphavirus of the Old World Group that has likely endemic and zoonotic potential. It is of the viral family ''Togaviridae''. It was isolated from mosquitos in 1957 in South Africa, MDIV antigens have now been found in livestock, horses, and humans. Symptoms Typical symptoms of MIDV include: fever, swollen/aching limbs, hyperactivity, and depression. There is research suggesting that MIDV might cause neurologic disease. Some signs of the neurologic disease are: ataxia, paresis, seizures, and paralysis. In these cases where MIDV infection led to neurologic disease, moderate meningoencephalitis was observed microscopically. There have also been rare cases in horses where MIDV infection has led to jaundice, laminitic stance, and aborted pregnancy. Virus structure Middelburg virus is a single stranded, linearly arranged, positive stranded RNA virus. MIDV has an enveloped capsid that contains an icosahedron structure. The icosahedron has a tria ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ross River Virus
''Ross River virus'' (RRV) is a small encapsulated single-strand RNA ''Alphavirus'' endemic to Australia, Papua New Guinea and other islands in the South Pacific. It is responsible for a type of mosquito-borne non-lethal but extremely debilitating tropical disease known as Ross River fever, previously termed "epidemic polyarthritis". There is no known cure, and it can last in the system of the host for up to 20 years. The virus is suspected to be enzootic in populations of various native Australian mammals, and has been found on occasion in horses. Classification and morphology Taxonomically, ''Ross River virus'' belongs to the virus genus ''Alphavirus'', which is part of the family ''Togaviridae''. The alphaviruses are a group of small enveloped single-strand positive-sense RNA viruses. RRV belongs to a subgroup of "Old World" (Eurasian-African-Australasian) alphaviruses, and is considered closely related to Sagiyama virus. The virions (virus particles) themselves contain t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chikungunya Virus
Chikungunya is an infection caused by the ''Chikungunya virus'' (CHIKV). Symptoms include fever and joint pains. These typically occur two to twelve days after exposure. Other symptoms may include headache, muscle pain, joint swelling, and a rash. Symptoms usually improve within a week; however, occasionally the joint pain may last for months or years. The risk of death is around 1 in 1,000. The very young, old, and those with other health problems are at risk of more severe disease. The virus is spread between people by two types of mosquitos: ''Aedes albopictus'' and ''Aedes aegypti''. They mainly bite during the day. The virus may circulate within a number of animals including birds and rodents. Diagnosis is by either testing the blood for the virus's RNA or antibodies to the virus. The symptoms can be mistaken for those of dengue fever and Zika fever. It is believed most people become immune after a single infection. The best means of prevention is overall mosquito contro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus
Salmon Pancreas disease (PD or SPD) is caused by a species of Salmonid ''Alphavirus'' (SAV) called ''Salmon pancreas disease virus'' (SPDV). The virus was first described in 1976 in Scotland and in 1989 in Norway. It affects farmed Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') caused by Marine SAV2 and SAV3 and has also been identified in Rainbow trout (''Oncorhyncus mykiss'') in the seawater phase caused by SAV2 where the disease is commonly referred to as Sleeping Disease (SD). Salmonid Alphavirus Salmonid Alphavirus is an RNA virus. Six genotypes of SAV have been identified (referred to as SAV1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6), differentiated by the nucleic acid sequences of certain genes. The strains of SAV causing PD belong to the genotypes SAV1, Marine SAV2 and SAV3. Diagnosis When the fish is infected, it can cause sudden loss of appetite, lethargy and increased mortality. The general symptoms of this virus infection also include difficulties to maintain a correct position in the water due to m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fort Morgan Virus
''Fort Morgan virus'' is an RNA virus in the genus ''Alphavirus''. It is an Alphavirus isolated from nesting Cliff Swallows, House Sparrows and from cimicid bugs in eastern Colorado for which the name Fort Morgan virus was proposed. References External links *Wikilinks **Fort Morgan, Colorado **Petrochelidon **House sparrow The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, an ... *Browsing Links **https://researchexperts.utmb.edu/en/publications/characterization-of-fort-morgan-virus-an-alphavirus-of-the-wester **https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbocat/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=151&SID=9 **https://www.genome.jp/virushostdb/48544 {{Taxonbar, from=Q18976350 Alphaviruses RNA viruses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semliki Forest Virus
The Semliki Forest virus is an alphavirus found in central, eastern, and southern Africa. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in the Semliki Forest, Uganda by the Uganda Virus Research Institute in 1942 and described by Smithburn and Haddow. It is known to cause disease in animals including humans. The Semliki Forest virus is a positive-strand RNA virus with a genome of approximately 13,000 base pairs which encodes nine proteins. The 5’ two thirds of the genome encode four non-structural proteins concerned with RNA synthesis; the structural proteins are encoded in the 3’ one third. Of the structural proteins, the C proteins make up the icosahedral capsid, which is enveloped by a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell. The outermost surface of the virus is almost entirely covered by heterodimers of glycoproteins E1 and E2, arranged in interconnective trimers, which form an outer shell. Trimers are anchored in the membrane by an E2 cytoplasmic domain that associates wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Everglades Virus
''Everglades virus'' (EVEV) is an alphavirus included in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus complex. The virus circulates among rodents and vector mosquitoes and sometimes infects humans, causing a febrile illness with occasional neurological manifestations. Although it is said to be rare in humans it is still debated if this is the case because of the possibility of underdiagnosing as well as being a unrecognized cause of other illnesses. The virus is named after the Everglades, a region of subtropical wetlands in southern Florida. The virus is endemic to the U.S. state of Florida, where its geographic range mirrors that of the mosquito species '' Culex cedecei''. Hispid cotton rat and cotton mouse are considered important reservoir hosts of Everglades virus. Most clinical cases of infection occur in and around the city of Miami. The abundance in clinical cases in certain parts of Florida comes from many factors such as population density and proximity to the hosts and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Highlands J Virus
''Highlands J (HJ) virus'' is a zoonotic alphavirus native to North and South America. It maintains a natural reservoir in the songbird population of freshwater swamps (generally scrub jays and blue jays) and is transmitted by the bite of the female '' Culiseta melanura'' mosquito. Though nearly identical in structure and natural cycle to the Eastern equine encephalitis virus, it is considerably less virulent than its cousin, causing relatively mild symptoms in its primary avian reservoir and only nominally capable of transmission to mammals. A 1995 study conducted in Florida swampland found that 15% of swamp-dwelling jays tested positive for HJ antibodies, all of which were asymptomatic and in apparent good health. Recorded bird deaths from HJ infection are uncommon but not rare, and include several domestic turkeys at a commercial facility and young broiler chickens in an experimental setting. Transmission to equines or humans via mosquito is also possible, though even more r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sindbis Virus
''Sindbis virus'' (SINV) is a member of the '' Togaviridae'' family, in the '' Alphavirus'' genus. The virus was first isolated in 1952 in Cairo, Egypt. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes ('' Culex'' and Culiseta). SINV is linked to Pogosta diseaseKurkela S, Manni T, Vaheri A, Vapalahti OCausative agent of Pogosta disease isolated from blood and skin lesions Emerg Infect Dis erial on the Internet Published 2004 May. (accessed 2007-10-16) ( Finland), Ockelbo disease (Sweden) and Karelian fever ( Russia). In humans, the symptoms include arthralgia, rash and malaise. Sindbis virus is widely and continuously found in insects and vertebrates in Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania. Clinical infection and disease in humans however has almost only been reported from Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden, Russian Karelia), where SINV is endemic and where large outbreaks occur intermittently. Cases are occasionally reported in Australia, China, and South Africa. SINV is an arbovirus, it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
