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Al-Baqillani
Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib al-Bāqillānī (; 950 – 5 June 1013), was a Sunni Muslim scholar and polymath who specialized in speculative Islamic theology, jurisprudence, logic, and hadith. He spent much of his life defending and strengthening the Ash'ari school of theology within Islam. An accomplished rhetorical stylist and orator, al-Baqillani was held in high regard by his contemporaries for his expertise in debating theological and jurisprudential issues.Ansari, Hassan, Melvin-Koushki, Matthew, Tareh, Masoud, Khodaverdian, Shahram, Omidi, Jalil and Gholami, Rahim, “al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr”, in: ''Encyclopaedia Islamica'', Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary. Al-Dhahabi referred to him as "the learned imam, incomparable master, foremost of the scholars, author of many books, and example of articulateness and intelligence." Biography Born in Basra in 330 AH / 950 CE, he spent most of his life in Baghdad, and studied theology under two disc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalam
''Ilm al-kalam'' or ''ilm al-lahut'', often shortened to ''kalam'', is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology ('' aqida''). It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith ('' usul al-din''), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. Kalām was born out of the need to establish and defend the tenets of Islam against the philosophical doubters, and to defend against heretical and religious innovations (''bidʿah''). A scholar of ''kalam'' is referred to as a ''mutakallim'' (plural ''mutakallimun''), a role distinguished from those of Islamic philosophers and jurists. After its first beginnings in the late Umayyad period, the Kalām experienced its rise in the early Abbasid period, when the Caliph al-Mahdi commissioned Mutakallimūn to write books against the followers of Iranian religions, and the Barmakid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid held Kalām discussions with members of various re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Al-Hasan Al-Ash'ari
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (; 874–936 CE) was an Arab Muslim theologian known for being the eponymous founder of the Ash'ari school of kalam in Sunnism. Al-Ash'ari was notable for taking an intermediary position between the two diametrically opposed schools of Islamic theology prevalent at the time: Atharism and Mu'tazilism. He primarily opposed the Mu'tazili theologians on God's eternal attributes and Quranic createdness. On the other hand, the Hanbalis and traditionists were opposed to the use of philosophy or speculative theology, and condemned any theological debate altogether. Al-Ash'ari established a middle way between the doctrines of the aforementioned schools, based both on theological rationalism (''kalam'') and the interpretation of the Quran and Sunna. His school eventually became the predominant school of theological thought within Sunni Islam.Abdullah Saeed ''Islamic Thought: An Introduction'' Routledge 2006 chapter 5 By contrast, Shia Muslims do not ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qadi 'Abd Al-Wahhab
Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab ibn Ali ibn Naṣr ibn Ahmad ibn Hussein ibn Harun ibn Malik ibn Tawk al-Taghlibi () (973 – 1035CE) (362 AH – 422 AH ), also known as Qadi Abdul Wahhab and Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab al-Maliki was an important Iraqi jurist in the Maliki school. He was a seminal figure of the now extinct Iraqi School of the Maliki madhab. Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab is also remembered for his knowledge of Arabic literature and poetry. He is known by the title ''Qadi'' meaning judge in Arabic, as he was a prominent judge in Abbasid Siirt and Badra. He is best known for his work ''at-Talqin'' on Maliki fiqh which is still studied today, particularly for its recording of the positions of the Iraqi school of the Maliki madhab. Life 'Abd al-Wahhab was born in Baghdad in 973 CE (362 AH) when Abbasid control was largely confined to a titular and spiritual role under al-Muti. The Shiite Buyid Dynasty largely dominated the political and military arena. Despite this, he studied under some of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ash'ari
Ash'arism (; ) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, a Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (''mujaddid''), and scholastic theologian, in the 9th–10th century. It established an orthodox guideline, based on scriptural authority, rationality, and theological rationalism. It is one of the three main schools alongside Maturidism and Atharism. Al-Ash'aris Knowledge was based both on reliance on the sacred scriptures of Islam and theological rationalism concerning the agency and attributes of God. Ashʿarism eventually became the predominant school of theological thought within Sunnī Islam, and is regarded as the single most important school of Islamic theology in the history of Islam. The disciples of the Ash'ari school are known as Ashʿarites, and the school is also referred to as the Ashʿarite school, which became one of the dominant theological schools within Sunnī Islam. Ash'ari theology is considered one of the orthodox creeds of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Abi Zayd Al-Qayrawani
Ibn Abī Zayd () (922–996), fully Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Abī Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Nafzawī ibn Abī Zayd al-Qayrawanī, was a Maliki scholar from Kairouan in Tunisia and was also an active proponent of Ash'ari thought.Herbert J. Liebesny, ''The Law of the Near & Middle East'', SUNY Press, 1975 , p. 175 His best known work is ''Al-Risala'' or the Epistle, an instructional book devoted to the education of young children. He was a member of the Nafzawah Berber tribe and lived in Kairouan. In addition, he served as the Imam (spiritual leader) of one of the mosques' that followed the Maliki School tradition. Creed Belonging to the Ash`ari school, Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (310–386) studied under Abu Bakr ibn Abd al-Mu'min, who in turn was a student of Ibn Mujahid, a pupil of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash`ari. Qadi Iyad stated that in 368, Ibn Abi Zayd dispatched two of his pupils to personally deliver a few of his books to Ibn Mujahid, who had made a request for them, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Suyuti
Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (; 1445–1505), or al-Suyuti, was an Egyptians, Egyptian Sunni Muslims, Muslim polymath of Persians, Persian descent. Considered the mujtahid and mujaddid of the Islamic 10th century, he was a leading Hadith studies, muhaddith (hadith master), Tafsir, mufassir (Qu'ran exegete), faqīh (jurist), Principles of Islamic jurisprudence, usuli (legal theorist), sufi (mystic), Islamic theology, theologian, Arabic grammar, grammarian, linguist, rhetorician, philologist, lexicographer and historian, who authored works in virtually every Islamic science. For this reason, he was honoured one of the most prestigious and rarest titles: Shaykh al-Islām. He was described as one of the most prolific writers of the Middle Ages and is recognized today as one of the most prolific authors of all Islamic literature. Al-Suyuti wrote approximately one thousand works. His biographical dictionary ''Bughyat al-Wuʻāh fī Ṭabaqāt al-Lughawīyīn wa-al-Nuḥāh'' contains valuab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Dharr Al-Harawi
Abū Dharr al-Harawī, ʿAbd b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Anṣārī (), also known as Abū Dharr al-Harawī was a reputable Maliki hadith specialist (''muhaddith''), a pious mystic, and Ash'ari theologian. He was from Herat (Afghanistan), but spent most of his lifetime in Mecca. He is frequently referred to as ''"Muhaddith of Haramayn"'' meaning "Hadith Master of the two holy cities, that is, Mecca and Medina. Biography He was born in Herat and spent his early life there where he studied hadith under prominent scholars of the city. He became the narrator of Sahih Al-Bukhari on the authority of the three: Al-Mustamlei, Al-Hamwi, and Al-Kashmihini.Authors' Dictionary - Omar bin Reda bin Muhammad Ragheb bin Abdul Ghani Kahaleh (Al-Muthanna Edition, Dar Revival of Arab Heritage: Vol. 5, p. 65) As he got older, he travelled to pursue further knowledge and his most important journey is when he visited Baghdad meeting with the leading scholars. In that city, he met wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abu Imran Al-Fasi
Abū ʿImrān Mūsā ibn ʿĪsā ibn Abī 'l-Ḥājj (or Ḥajjāj) al-Fāsī () (also simply known as Abū ʿImrān al-Fāsī; born between 975 and 978, died 8 June 1039) was a Moroccan Maliki ''faqīh'' born at Fez to a Berber or Arab family whose '' nisba'' is impossible to reconstruct. Abu ‘Imran al-Fasi was probably born between 975 and 978 at Fes. He went to Ifriqiya, where he settled in Kairouan and studied under al-Kabisi (died 1012). With al-Kabisi, he introduced the young Ibn Sharaf to poetry. Some time later, he stayed in Cordova with Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr and followed the lectures of various scholars there, which his biographers list. He is regarded a saint by later Sufi mystics. He played an important role in the history of the Almoravid dynasty. It was his teaching in Qayrawan (Tunisia) that first stirred Yahya ibn Ibrahim, who was returning from the Pilgrimage and attended Abu ‘Imran's courses. This inspired the foundation of the Almoravids."Rethinking the Almora ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qadi Ayyad
Abū al-Faḍl ʿIyāḍ ibn Mūsā ibn ʿIyāḍ ibn ʿAmr ibn Mūsā ibn ʿIyāḍ ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Mūsā ibn ʿIyāḍ al-Yaḥṣubī al-Sabtī (Camilo Gómez-Rivas, Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists, p 324. Koninklijke Brill NV ), better known as Qāḍī Iyāḍ () (1083–1149), was a Sunni polymath and considered the leading scholar in Maliki fiqh and hadith in his time. In addition, he specialized in theology, legal theory, scriptural exegesis, Arabic language, history, genealogy, and poetry. Biography Iyaḍ was born in Ceuta, into an established family of Arab origin. As a scion of a notable scholarly family, ʿIyad was able to learn from the best teachers Ceuta had to offer. The judge Abu ʿAbd Allah Muhammad b. ʿIsa (d. 1111) was ʿIyad's first important teacher and is credited with his basic academic formation. Growing up, ʿIyad benefited from the traffic of scholars from al-Andalus, the Maghrib, and the eastern Islamic w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islam
Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world's Major religious groups, second-largest religious population after Christians. Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a Fitra, primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier Prophets and messengers in Islam, prophets and messengers, including Adam in Islam, Adam, Noah in Islam, Noah, Abraham in Islam, Abraham, Moses in Islam, Moses, and Jesus in Islam, Jesus. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God in Islam, God and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous Islamic holy books, revelations, such as the Torah in Islam, Tawrat (the Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), and the Gospel in Islam, Injil (Gospel). They believe that Muhammad in Islam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Zarkashi
Abū Abdullāh Badr ad-Dīn Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Bahādir az-Zarkashī (1344–1392/ 745–794 AH), better known as Az-Zarkashī, was a fourteenth century Islamic scholar. He primarily resided in Mamluk-era Cairo. He specialized in the fields of law, ''hadith'', history and Shafi'i legal jurisprudence (''fiqh''). He left behind thirty compendia, but the majority of these are lost to modern researchers and only the titles are known. One of his most famous works that has survived is ''al-Burhān fī 'Ulūm al-Qur'ān'', a manual of the Qur'anic sciences. Teachers Az-Zarkashī studied ''hadīth'' (one of various reports describing the words, actions, or habits of the prophet Muhammad) in Damascus with Imād al-Dīn Ibn Kathir (d. 1373), ''fiqh'' and ''usūl'' in Aleppo with Shihāb ud-Dīn Al-Adhra`I (d. 1381), and Quran and ''fiqh'' in Cairo with the head of the Shafi’i school in Cairo at the time, Jamal al-Din al-Isnawi. Disciples His notable students included Shamsuddī ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest Islamic schools and branches, branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any Succession to Muhammad, successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Muslim community, being appointed at the meeting of Saqifa. This contrasts with the Succession of ʿAlī (Shia Islam), Shia view, which holds that Muhammad appointed Ali, Ali ibn Abi Talib () as his successor. Nevertheless, Sunnis revere Ali, along with Abu Bakr, Umar () and Uthman () as 'Rashidun, rightly-guided caliphs'. The term means those who observe the , the practices of Muhammad. The Quran, together with hadith (especially the Six Books) and (scholarly consensus), form the basis of all Fiqh, traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Sharia legal rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with Istislah, consideration of Maslaha, public welfare and Istihsan, jur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
