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Agricultural Gang
Agricultural gangs were historically groups of women, girls and boys organized by an independent gang-master who did not own the land, under whose supervision they executed agricultural piece-work for farmers in certain parts of England for a payment negotiated between the gangmaster and farmer. They were sometimes called "public gangs" to distinguish them from "private gangs", consisting of workers engaged by the farmer himself, and undertaking work solely for him, under his own supervision or under that of one of his men. The system was long prevalent in the counties of Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, and in a much modified form in The Fens, which lies within some of those counties. The practice dates from the latter years of the reign of George III, when the low-lying, marshy lands surrounding the basin of the wash were being rapidly drained and converted into rich alluvial districts. The unreformed condition of the Poor La ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in the cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output. , small farms produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent. The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland. Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than . However, five of every six farm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Reclamation
Land reclamation, often known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill), is the process of creating new Terrestrial ecoregion, land from oceans, list of seas, seas, Stream bed, riverbeds or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground, reclaimed land, or land fill. History In ancient Egypt, the rulers of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, Twelfth Dynasty (c. 2000–1800 BC) undertook a far-sighted land reclamation scheme to increase agricultural output. They constructed levees and canals to connect the Faiyum Oasis, Faiyum with the Bahr Yussef waterway, diverting water that would have flowed into Lake Moeris and causing gradual evaporation around the lake's edges, creating new farmland from the reclaimed land. A similar land reclamation system using dams and drainage canals was used in the Greek Lake Copais, Copaic Basin during the Middle Helladic period, Middle Helladic Period (c. 1900–1600 BC). Another early large-s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
By-law
A by-law (bye-law, by(e)law, by(e) law), is a set of rules or law established by an organization or community so as to regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authority. The higher authority, generally a legislature or some other government body, establishes the degree of control that the by-laws may exercise. By-laws may be established by entities such as a business corporation, a neighbourhood association, or depending on the jurisdiction, a municipality. In the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, the local laws established by municipalities are referred to as ''by''(''e'')''-laws'' because their scope is regulated by the central governments of those nations. Accordingly, a bylaw enforcement officer is the Canadian equivalent of the American Code Enforcement Officer or Municipal Regulations Enforcement Officer. In the United States, the federal government and most state governments have no direct ability to regulate the single provisions of munic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Certificate
An academic certificate or tech certificate is a document that certifies that a person has received specific education or has passed a test or series of tests. In many countries, a certificate is a qualification attained in secondary education. For instance, students in Ireland sit the Junior Certificate and follow it with the Leaving Certificate. Similarly, other countries have awards, for instance, in Australia the Higher School Certificate (HSC) in New South Wales, the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) in Victoria, etc., is the examination taken on completion of secondary education. In parts of the United Kingdom the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is the normal examination taken at age 16 and the General Certificate of Education (GCE) Advanced Subsidiary Level (AS-level) and Advanced Level (A-levels) are taken at 17 and 18. In many other countries, certificates are qualifications in higher education. For example, the National Certificate in Irel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
36 & 37 Vict '', 2001
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36 may refer to: * 36 (number) * 36 BC * AD 36 * 1936 * 2036 Science * Krypton, a noble gas in the periodic table * 36 Atalante, an asteroid in the asteroid belt Arts and entertainment * ''36'' (TV series), an American sports documentary show * "36", a 2002 song by System of a Down from ''Steal This Album!'' * 36 Quai des Orfèvres (film), a 2004 French crime film * "Thirty Six", a song by Karma to Burn from the album ''Almost Heathen ''Almost Heathen'' is the third studio album by the stoner rock band Karma to Burn. It was released on September 4, 2001, by Spitfire Records. It was the last album released before their seven-year disbandment in 2002. The album was reissued in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agricultural Children Act
The Agricultural Children Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. c. 67) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which prohibited the agricultural employment of children under the age of eight and also provided for the education of children involved in farm labour. As part of this, the act stated that children could not be employed in agricultural work without parental confirmation that they had attended school a certain number of times in the preceding twelve months, specifically 250 times for children aged eight to ten and 150 times for individuals over the age of ten. Ultimately, the act was ineffective, and its provisions were replaced by those of the Elementary Education Act 1876 ( 39 & 40 Vict. c. 70) and the Elementary Education Act 1880 ( 43 & 44 Vict. c. 23). See also * Agricultural Gangs Act 1867 References *Chambers, George Frederick. The Agricultural Children Act, 1873, and the Agricultural Gangs Act, 1867. Knight & Co. Fleet Street, London. 1873Scanat the Internet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
39 & 40 Vict
39 may refer to: * 39 (number) * one of the years: ** 39 BC ** AD 39 ** 1939 ** 2039 * 39 (album), ''39'' (album), a 2000 studio album by Mikuni Shimokawa * '39", a 1975 song by Queen * "Thirty Nine", a song by Karma to Burn from the album ''Almost Heathen'', 2001 * ''Thirty-Nine'', a 2022 South Korean television series * 39 Laetitia, a main-belt asteroid {{Numberdis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elementary Education Act 1876
Elementary may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Music * ''Elementary'' (Cindy Morgan album), 2001 * ''Elementary'' (The End album), 2007 * ''Elementary'', a Melvin "Wah-Wah Watson" Ragin album, 1977 Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media * ''Elementary'' (TV series), a 2012 American drama television series * "Elementary, my dear Watson", a catchphrase of Sherlock Holmes Education * Elementary and Secondary Education Act, US * Elementary education, or primary education, the first years of formal, structured education * Elementary Education Act 1870, England and Wales * Elementary school, a school providing elementary or primary education Science and technology * ELEMENTARY, a class of objects in computational complexity theory * Elementary, a widget set based on the Enlightenment Foundation Libraries * Elementary abelian group, an abelian group in which every nontrivial element is of prime order * Elementary algebra * Elementary arithmetic * Elementary charge, ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gangmaster
The Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority (GLAA) is the foremost intelligence and investigative agency for labour exploitation in the UK. Its role is to work in partnership with police and other law enforcement agencies such as the National Crime Agency to protect vulnerable and exploited workers and disrupt and dismantle serious and organised crime. The agency is headquartered at Loxley House in Nottingham, England. History The Gangmasters Licensing Authority (GLA) was established on 1 April 2005 by the Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004, passed in the aftermath of the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster. The authority was handed a remit of preventing the exploitation of workers in the fresh produce sector — agriculture, horticulture, shellfish gathering, and all associated processing and packaging. Initially, the authority sat under the control of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) but on 9 April 2014 it was switched to the control of the Home O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agricultural Gangs Act 1867
The Agricultural Gangs Act 1867 ( 30 & 31 Vict. c. 130) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It provided regulations for the employment of women and children in agricultural gangs, and for the licensing of gang-masters. The Act stipulated that no child under eight was permitted to be employed on an agricultural gang, that no female was to be employed on the same gang as males, and that no female was to be employed under a male gang-master unless a female gang-master was also present. Any gang-master in breach of these conditions was guilty of an offence and liable to a penalty of not more than 20''s'' for each person employed, as was the occupier of the land on which the gang was employed, unless he could prove it took place without his knowledge. The Act also required gang-masters to be licensed. These licences were to be granted by two or more magistrates at petty sessions, on evidence that the applicant was of good character and a fit person to be licensed; t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Government Agency
A government agency or state agency, sometimes an appointed commission, is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the machinery of government (bureaucracy) that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions, such as an Administration (government), administration. There is a notable variety of agency types. Although usage differs, a government agency is normally distinct both from a department or Ministry (government department), ministry, and other types of public body established by government. The functions of an agency are normally executive in character since different types of organizations (''such as commissions'') are most often constituted in an advisory role — this distinction is often blurred in practice however, it is not allowed. A government agency may be established by either a national government or a state government within a federal system. Agencies can be established by legislation or by executive powers. The autonomy, indep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
