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Age And Female Fertility
Female fertility is affected by ageing, age and is a major fertility factor (demography), fertility factor for women. A woman's fertility is in generally good quality from the late teens to early thirties, although it declines gradually over time. Around 35, fertility is noted to decline at a more rapid rate. At age 45, a woman starting to try to conceive will have no live birth in 50–80 percent of cases. Menopause, or the cessation of menstrual periods, generally occurs in the 40s and 50s and marks the cessation of fertility, although age-related infertility can occur before then. The relationship between age and female fertility is sometimes referred to as a woman's "biological clock." Quantification of effect In adolescence The average age of a girl's first period (menarche) is 12 to 13 (12.5 years in the United States, 12.72 in Canada, 12.9 in the UK) but, in postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles are anovulatory in the first year after menarche, which declines to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fertility
Fertility in colloquial terms refers the ability to have offspring. In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to reproduce, which is termed fecundity. The fertility rate is the average number of children born during an individual's lifetime. In medicine, fertility refers to the ability to have children, and infertility refers to difficulty in reproducing naturally. In general, infertility or subfertility in humans is defined as not being able to conceive a child after one year (or longer) of unprotected sex. The antithesis of ''fertility'' is infertility, while the antithesis of ''fecundity'' is sterility. Demography In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to produce which is termed fecundity. While fertility can be measured, fecundity cannot be. Demographers measure the fertility rate in a variety of ways, which can be broa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Female Reproductive Biomarkers
Female infertility refers to infertility in women, which is the inability to conceive after sexual intercourse. It affects an estimated 48 million women, globally. Female infertility varies widely by region. The highest rates of female infertility are found in Eastern Europe and South Central Asia, followed by South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Middle East and North Africa. Female infertility rates are lowest in East Asia and Latin America. Fertility is affected by a variety of factors, including hormones, nutritional status, disease, and malformations of the uterus. Infertility affects women from around the world, and the social stigmas affecting infertile women may vary from region to region. Cause Causes or factors of female infertility can basically be classified regarding whether they are acquired or genetic, or strictly by location. Although factors of female infertility can be classified as either acquired or genetic, female infertility is usually more or less a comb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovarian Follicle
An ovarian follicle is a roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries. It secretes hormones that influence stages of the menstrual cycle. In humans, women have approximately 200,000 to 300,000 follicles at the time of puberty, each with the potential to release an egg cell (ovum) at ovulation for Human fertilization, fertilization. These eggs are developed once every menstrual cycle with around 300-400 being ovulated during a woman's reproductive lifetime. Structure Ovarian follicles are the basic units of female reproductive biology. Each of them contains a single oocyte (immature ovum or egg cell). These structures are periodically initiated to grow and develop, culminating in ovulation of usually a single competent oocyte in humans. They also consist of granulosa cells and theca of follicle. Oocyte Once a month, one of the ovaries releases a mature egg (ovum), known as an oocyte. The nucleus of such an oocyte is called a ''germinal vesicle (see picture).' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family Planning
Family planning is the consideration of the number of children a person wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, and the age at which they wish to have them. Things that may play a role on family planning decisions include marital situation, career or work considerations, or financial situations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of Birth control, contraception (birth control) and other techniques to control the timing of Human reproduction, reproduction. Other aspects of family planning aside from contraception include sex education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and pregnancy#Management, management, and infertility management.World Health Organization. (n.d.)Sexual and Reproductive Health. Retrieved on 30 October 2019. Family planning, as defined by the United Nations and the World Health Organization, encompasses services leading up to conception. Abortion is another form of family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hutterite
Hutterites (; ), also called Hutterian Brethren (German: ), are a communal ethnoreligious branch of Anabaptists, who, like the Amish and Mennonites, trace their roots to the Radical Reformation of the early 16th century and have formed intentional communities. The founder of the Hutterites, Jakob Hutter, "established the Hutterite colonies on the basis of the Schleitheim Confession, a classic Anabaptist statement of faith" of 1527. He formed the first communes in 1528 in Tyrole (present-day Italy). Since the death of Hutter in 1536, the beliefs of the Hutterites, especially those espousing a community of goods and nonresistance, have resulted in hundreds of years of diaspora in many countries. The Hutterites embarked on a series of migrations through central and eastern Europe. Nearly extinct by the 18th century, they migrated to Russia in 1770 and about a hundred years later to North America. Over the course of 140 years, their population living in communities of goods re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Bongaarts
John P. M. Bongaarts (born 1945) is a Dutch-American demographer. He serves as Vice-President and Distinguished Scholar at the Population Council, where he has worked since the 1970s. Bongaart has performed research in a diverse set of topics, such as population growth and aging, mortality, population-environment links and demography related to the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. His most recognized work lies in the field of fertility, and has been a topic of interest throughout his career. Career Bongaarts was born in Tegelen, the Netherlands, in 1945. He obtained a degree in electrical engineering from Eindhoven University of Technology in 1968. Bongaarts subsequently moved to the United States where he studied physiology and biomedical engineering at the University of Illinois and obtained his PhD in 1972, with a dissertation titled: "A Cybernetic Model of the Demographic Transition". He subsequently was a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University. He started working as asso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Fertility
Natural fertility is the fertility that exists without birth control or other medical interventions. The control is the number of children birthed to the parents and is modified as the number of children reaches the maximum. Natural fertility tends to decrease as a society modernizes. Women in a pre-modernized society typically have given birth to a large number of children by the time they are 50 years old, while women in post-modernized society only bear a small number by the same age. However, during modernization natural fertility rises, before family planning is practiced. Historical populations have traditionally honored the idea of natural fertility by displaying fertility symbols. Birth control Natural fertility is a concept developed by the French historical demographer Louis Henry to refer to the level of fertility that would prevail in a population that makes no conscious effort to limit, regulate, or control fertility, so that fertility depends only on physiological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endometrioma
Endometrioma (also called chocolate cyst) is the presence of tissue similar to, but distinct from, the endometrium in and sometimes on the ovary. It is the most common form of endometriosis. Endometrioma is found in 17–44% patients with endometriosis. More broadly, endometriosis is the presence of tissue similar to, but distinct from, endometrial tissue located outside the uterus. The presence of endometriosis can result in the formation of scar tissue, adhesions and an inflammatory reaction. Endometriomas are usually benign growths, most often found in the ovary. They form dark, fluid-filled cysts, which can vary greatly in size. The fluid inside the cysts is thick, dark, old blood, giving it a chocolate-like appearance, giving it the name ''chocolate cyst.'' It can also develop in the cul-de-sac (the space behind the uterus), the surface of the uterus, and between the vagina and rectum. Pathophysiology Endometrial tissue is the mucous membrane that normally lines the ut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American College Of Obstetricians And Gynecologists
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) is a professional association of physicians specializing in obstetrics and gynecology in the United States. Several Latin American countries are also represented within Districts of the organization. It is a 501(c) organization, 501(c)(6) organization with a membership of more than 60,000 obstetrician-gynecologists and women's health care professionals. It was founded in 1951. __TOC__ Background A companion 501(c)(6) organization, the American ''Congress'' of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, was founded in 2008 and became operational in 2010. The two organizations coexist, and member individuals automatically belong to both. Both are nonprofit organization, not-for-profit. The College as a 501(c)(3) focuses on education (with limited political work), whereas the Congress as a 501(c)(6) is allowed to advocate for members' interests in terms of the business of medicine (BOM) through lobbying and other political work. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vaginal Ultrasonography
Vaginal ultrasonography is a medical ultrasonography that applies an ultrasound transducer (or "probe") in the vagina to visualize organs within the pelvic cavity. It is also called transvaginal ultrasonography because the ultrasound waves go ''across'' the vaginal wall to study tissues beyond it. Uses Vaginal ultrasonography is used both as a means of gynecologic ultrasonography and obstetric ultrasonography. It is preferred over abdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. It also can be used to evaluate patients with post-menopausal bleeding. The finding on transvaginal ultrasound of a thin endometrial lining gives the physician a 99% negative predictive value that the patient does not have endometrial cancer. If a patient had a prior endometrial sampling that was inconclusive, then a transvaginal ultrasound can be used to triage a woman with post-menopausal bleeding. See also * Gynecologic ultrasonography * Post-menopausal bleeding Vaginal bleeding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anti-Müllerian Hormone
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to Activin and inhibin, inhibin and activin from the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, whose key roles are in growth differentiation and folliculogenesis. In humans, it is encoded by the gene, on chromosome 19p13.3, while its Receptor (biochemistry), receptor is encoded by the gene on chromosome 12. AMH is activated by SOX9 in the Sertoli cells of the male fetus. Its expression inhibits the development of the female reproductive tract, or Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts), in the male embryo, thereby arresting the development of fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. ''AMH'' expression is critical to sex differentiation at a specific time during fetal development, and appears to be tightly regulated by nuclear receptor Steroidogenic factor 1, SF-1, GATA transcription factor, transcription GATA factors, sex-reversal gene DAX1, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
