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Adhiṭṭhāna
( from , meaning "foundational" or "beginning" plus meaning "standing"; ) has been translated as "decision," "resolution," "self-determination," "will", "strong determination" and "resolute determination." In the late canonical literature of Theravada Buddhism, is one of the ten "perfections" (), exemplified by the bodhisattva, bodhisatta's resolve to become fully bodhi, awakened. Pāli Canon texts While adhiṭṭhāna appears sporadically in the early Pāli Canon, various late-canonical and post-canonical accounts of the Gautama Buddha's past lives contextualize adhiṭṭhāna within the Theravadin ten perfections. Digha Nikaya analysis In the Pali Canon, in the Dīgha Nikāya sutra, discourse entitled, "Chanting Together" (Dīgha Nikāya, DN 33), Sariputta states that the Gautama Buddha, Buddha identified the following: :Four kinds of resolve (): [to gain] (a) Wisdom in Buddhism, wisdom, (b) truth (''sacca''), (c) relinquishment (), (d) tranquility (). Bodhisatta Sumedh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pāramitā
''Pāramitā'' (Sanskrit, Pali: पारमिता) or ''pāramī'' (Pāli: पारमी) is a Buddhist term often translated as "perfection". It is described in Buddhist commentaries as a noble character quality generally associated with enlightened beings. ''Pāramī'' and ''pāramitā'' are both terms in Pali but Pali literature makes greater reference to ''pāramī'', while Mahayana texts generally use the Sanskrit ''pāramitā.'' Etymology Donald S. Lopez Jr. describes the etymology of the term: Theravāda Buddhism Theravada teachings on the ''pāramīs'' can be found in late canonical books and post-canonical commentaries. Theravada commentator Dhammapala describes them as noble qualities usually associated with bodhisattvas. American scholar-monk Thanissaro Bhikkhu describes them as perfections ''(paramī)'' of character necessary to achieve enlightenment as one of the three enlightened beings, a '' samma sambuddha'', a '' pacceka-buddha'', or an '' arahan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vīrya
(Sanskrit; ) is a Buddhist term commonly translated as "energy", "diligence", "enthusiasm", "effort" or "heroism" "help". It can be defined as an attitude of gladly engaging in wholesome activities, and it functions to cause one to accomplish wholesome or virtuous actions. Etymology literally means "state of a strong human" or "manliness."See, e.g., which Monier Williams (1899), entry for "Vīryà,p. 1006 Defines in part as: "manliness, valour, strength, power, energy, RV &c. &c.; heroism/heroinism, heroic deed, ibid.; manly vigour, virility, semen virile, MBh.; Kāv. &c;...." In Vedic literature, the term is associated with heroism and virility. In Buddhism, refers to a practitioner's "energy", "persistence", "persevering," "vigour", "effort", "diligence", or "exertion", and is repeatedly identified as a necessary prerequisite for achieving liberation. Mental factor Within the Buddhist Abhidharma teachings, is identified as: *One of the six occasional mental fac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacca
''Sacca'' () is a Pali word meaning "real" or "true". In early Buddhism, Buddhist literature, ''sacca'' is often found in the context of the "Four Noble Truths", a crystallization of Buddhist wisdom. In addition, ''sacca'' is one of the ten pāramitā, pāramīs or "most high" a bodhisattva, bodhisatta must develop in order to become a Buddhahood, Buddha. The profoundest truth of reality In the Pali Canon, ''sacca'' is frequently found in the term ''ariya-sacca'', meaning "noble truth" or "truth of the noble ones". More specifically, the term ''ariya-sacca'' refers to the Gautama Buddha, Buddha's "Four Noble Truths," elucidated in his Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, first discourse as follows (where ''sacca'' is translated as "reality"): Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about dukkha, pain: jati (Buddhism), birth is painful, jaramarana, aging is painful, illness is painful, jaramarana, death is painful; sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, unhappiness and distress are painful; u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maitrī
(Sanskrit; Pali: ) means benevolence, loving-kindness, friendliness, amity, good will, and active interest in others. It is the first of the four sublime states () and one of the ten of the Theravāda school of Buddhism. The cultivation of benevolence () is a popular form of Buddhist meditation. It is a part of the four immeasurables in (divine abidings) meditation. as "compassion meditation" is often practiced in Asia by broadcast chanting, wherein monks chant for the laity. The compassion and universal loving-kindness concept of is discussed in the ''Metta Sutta'' of Buddhism, and is also found in the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism and Jainism as or . Small sample studies on the potential of suggest potential benefits. However, peer reviews question the quality and sample size of these studies. Etymology and meaning is a Pali word, from which was itself derived from which, states Monier-Williams, means "friend". The term is found in this sense in the Ve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upekṣā
() is the Buddhist concept of equanimity. As one of the brahmaviharas or "virtues of the "Brahma realm" (), it is one of the wholesome mental factors (( ) cultivated on the Buddhist path to nirvāna through the practice of jhāna. Pali literature Many passages in the Pali Canon and post-canonical commentaries identify upekkhā as an important aspect of spiritual development. It is one of the Four Sublime States of Brahmavihara, which purify mental states capable of counteracting the defilements of lust, aversion, and ignorance. As a Brahmavihara, it is also one of the forty traditionally identified subjects of Buddhist meditation ( kammaṭṭhāna). In the Theravada list of ten pāramī (perfections), is the last-identified bodhisatta practice, and in the Seven Factors of Awakening (), it is the ultimate characteristic to develop. To practice is to be unwavering or to stay neutral in the face of the eight vicissitudes of life which are otherwise known as the ''eight ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nekkhamma
''Nekkhamma'' (; ) is a Pāli word generally translated as "renunciation" or "the pleasure of renunciation" while also conveying more specifically "giving up the world and leading a holy life" or "freedom from lust, craving and desires." In Buddhism's Noble Eightfold Path, ''nekkhamma'' is the first practice associated with "Right Intention." In the Theravada list of ten perfections, ''nekkhamma'' is the third practice of "perfection." It involves non-attachment (detachment). In the Pali literature Renunciation as right intention In the Pali Canon, in a discourse in which the Buddha describes antecedents precipitating his Awakening, the Buddha divided his thoughts between those that impair discernment, cause affliction and deter one from Nirvana on the one hand, and those that have the opposite effect. In the former category, he included thoughts permeated with sensuality, ill-will and harmfulness; in the latter, thoughts permeated with renunciation, non-ill will and harm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passaddhi
''Passaddhi'' is a Pali noun (Sanskrit: prasrabhi, Tibetan: ཤིན་ཏུ་སྦྱང་བ་, Tibetan Wylie: shin tu sbyang ba) that has been translated as "calmness", "tranquillity", "repose" and "serenity." The associated verb is ''passambhati'' (to calm down, to be quiet). In Buddhism, ''passaddhi'' refers to tranquillity of the body, speech, thoughts and consciousness on the path to enlightenment. As part of cultivated mental factors, ''passaddhi'' is preceded by rapture (''pīti'') and precedes concentration (''samādhi''). ''Passaddhi'' is identified as a wholesome factor in the following canonical contexts: * ''kāyapassaddhi'' is one of beautiful mental factors in Theravāda Abhidhamma tradition * ''cittapassaddhi'' is one of beautiful mental factors in Theravāda Abhidhamma tradition * the seven factors of enlightenment (''sambojjhangas'') * meditative absorptions ('' jhanani'') * transcendental dependent arising (''lokuttara- paticcasamuppada'') Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacca
''Sacca'' () is a Pali word meaning "real" or "true". In early Buddhism, Buddhist literature, ''sacca'' is often found in the context of the "Four Noble Truths", a crystallization of Buddhist wisdom. In addition, ''sacca'' is one of the ten pāramitā, pāramīs or "most high" a bodhisattva, bodhisatta must develop in order to become a Buddhahood, Buddha. The profoundest truth of reality In the Pali Canon, ''sacca'' is frequently found in the term ''ariya-sacca'', meaning "noble truth" or "truth of the noble ones". More specifically, the term ''ariya-sacca'' refers to the Gautama Buddha, Buddha's "Four Noble Truths," elucidated in his Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, first discourse as follows (where ''sacca'' is translated as "reality"): Now this, bhikkhus, is the Truth about dukkha, pain: jati (Buddhism), birth is painful, jaramarana, aging is painful, illness is painful, jaramarana, death is painful; sorrow, lamentation, physical pain, unhappiness and distress are painful; u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theravada Buddhism
''Theravāda'' (; 'School of the Elders'; ) is Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed ''Theravādins'' ( anglicized from Pali ''theravādī''), have preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching or '' Dhamma'' in the Pāli Canon for over two millennia. The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a classical Indian language, Pāli, which serves as the school's sacred language and ''lingua franca''.Crosby, Kate (2013), ''Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity'', p. 2. In contrast to Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna, Theravāda tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine ('' pariyatti'') and monastic discipline ('' vinaya''). One element of this conservatism is the fact that Theravāda rejects the authenticity of the Mahayana sutras (which appeared onwards). Consequently, Theravāda generally does not recognize the existence of many Buddhas and bodhisattvas believed by the Mahāyāna school, such as Amitābha a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gautama Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),* * * was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but Great Renunciation, renounced his Householder (Buddhism), home life to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained Nirvana (Buddhism), nirvana at Bodh Gaya, Bodh Gayā in what is now India. The Buddha then wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a Sangha, monastic order. Buddhist tradition holds he died in Kushinagar and reached ''parinirvana'' ("final release from conditioned existence"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to Vimutti, freedom from Avidyā (Buddhism), ignora ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Devatā
''Devata'' (pl: ''devatas'', meaning 'the gods') are smaller and more focused Devas (Deities) in Indian religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism. The term "devata" itself can also mean deva. They can be either male or female. Every human activity has its devata, its spiritual counterpart or aspect. Types There are many kinds of devatas: vanadevatas (forest spirits, perhaps descendants of early nature-spirit cults), gramadevata (village gods), devatas of river crossings, caves, mountains, and so on. For example, in the Konkan region of India, Hindu devatas are often divided into five categories: # Grama devatas or village deities who could be the founder deity such as Jathera or ancestral worship of Bali, and examples include Santoshi, Renuka, Aiyanar # Sthana devatas or local deities, for example, those in certain places of pilgrimage like Rama in Nasik, Vithoba in Pandharpur, Krishna at Dwarka, Kali at Kolkata, Mahalakshmi at Kolhapur, Devi Kanya Kumari at Kany ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pali Text Society
The Pāli Text Society is a text publication society founded in 1881 by Thomas William Rhys Davids "to foster and promote the study of Pāli texts." Pāli is the language in which the texts of the Theravada school of Buddhism are preserved. The Pāli texts are the oldest collection of Buddhist scriptures preserved in the language in which they were written down. The society first compiled, edited, and published Latin script versions of a large corpus of Pāli literature, including the Pāli Canon, as well as commentarial, exegetical texts, and histories. It publishes translations of many Pāli texts. It also publishes ancillary works including dictionaries, concordances, books for students of Pāli and the ''Journal of the Pali Text Society''. History 19th century beginnings Thomas William Rhys Davids was one of three British civil servants who were posted to Sri Lanka, in the 19th century, the others being George Turnour, and Robert Caesar Childers (1838–1876). At t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
