Acoustic Circulator
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Acoustic Circulator
In acoustical engineering, an acoustic circulator is a non-reciprocal three-port device that couples airborne sound waves only to an adjacent port in the direction of circulation. Compared to radio frequency (RF) and microwave circulators, acoustic circulators are for airborne sound waves rather than for RF and microwave electromagnetic signals. In 2014, Fleury et al. reported and experimentally demonstrated an acoustic Y-circulator by exploiting the acoustic analogue of the Zeeman effect: the structure is composed of a ring cavity with a circulating fluid that facilitates the nonreciprocal transmission of sound waves between acoustic waveguides. Similar circulator designs based on temporal modulation of the effective acoustic index and natural convection Convection is single or Multiphase flow, multiphase fluid flow that occurs Spontaneous process, spontaneously through the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly densi ...
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Circulator
In electrical engineering, a circulator is a passivity (engineering), passive, non-Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocal three- or four-port (circuit theory), port device that only allows a microwave or radio frequency, radio-frequency (RF) signal to exit through the port directly after the one it entered. Optical circulators have similar behavior. Ports are where an external waveguide (electromagnetism), waveguide or transmission line, such as a microstrip line or a coaxial cable, connects to the device. For a three-port circulator, a signal applied to port 1 only comes out of port 2; a signal applied to port 2 only comes out of port 3; a signal applied to port 3 only comes out of port 1. An ideal three-port circulator thus has the following scattering parameters, scattering matrix: :S = \begin 0 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end Theory of operation Microwave circulators rely on the anisotropic and ''non-Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocal'' proper ...
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Acoustical Engineering
Acoustical engineering (also known as acoustic engineering) is the branch of engineering dealing with sound and vibration. It includes the application of acoustics, the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound. One goal of acoustical engineering can be the reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to as noise control. Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by students in schools, and cause hearing loss. Noise control principles are implemented into technology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, suppressors, and buffer zones, and the use of hearing protection (earmuffs or earplugs). Besides noise control, acoustical engineering also covers positive uses of sound, such as the use of ultrasound in medicine, programming digit ...
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Port (circuit Theory)
In electrical circuit theory, a port is a pair of terminals connecting an electrical network or circuit to an external circuit, as a point of entry or exit for electrical energy. A port consists of two nodes (terminals) connected to an outside circuit which meets the ''port condition'' – the currents flowing into the two nodes must be equal and opposite. The use of ports helps to reduce the complexity of circuit analysis. Many common electronic devices and circuit blocks, such as transistors, transformers, electronic filters, and amplifiers, are analyzed in terms of ports. In multiport network analysis, the circuit is regarded as a "black box" connected to the outside world through its ports. The ports are points where input signals are applied or output signals taken. Its behavior is completely specified by a matrix of parameters relating the voltage and current at its ports, so the internal makeup or design of the circuit need not be considered, or even known, in de ...
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Circulator
In electrical engineering, a circulator is a passivity (engineering), passive, non-Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocal three- or four-port (circuit theory), port device that only allows a microwave or radio frequency, radio-frequency (RF) signal to exit through the port directly after the one it entered. Optical circulators have similar behavior. Ports are where an external waveguide (electromagnetism), waveguide or transmission line, such as a microstrip line or a coaxial cable, connects to the device. For a three-port circulator, a signal applied to port 1 only comes out of port 2; a signal applied to port 2 only comes out of port 3; a signal applied to port 3 only comes out of port 1. An ideal three-port circulator thus has the following scattering parameters, scattering matrix: :S = \begin 0 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end Theory of operation Microwave circulators rely on the anisotropic and ''non-Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocal'' proper ...
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Zeeman Effect
The Zeeman effect () is the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is caused by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetic moment of the atomic electron associated with its Angular momentum, orbital motion and Spin (physics), spin; this interaction shifts some orbital energies more than others, resulting in the split spectrum. The effect is named after the Netherlands, Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it in 1896 and received a Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery. It is analogous to the Stark effect, the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of an electric field. Also, similar to the Stark effect, transitions between different components have, in general, different intensities, with some being entirely forbidden (in the dipole approximation), as governed by the selection rules. Since the distance between the Zeeman sub-levels is a function of magnetic field ...
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Acoustic Waveguide
An acoustic waveguide is a physical structure for guiding sound waves, i.e., a waveguide used in acoustics. Examples One example is a speaking tube used aboard ships for communication between decks. Other examples include the rear passage in a transmission-line loudspeaker enclosure, the ear canal, and a stethoscope. The term also applies to guided waves in solids. A duct for sound propagation also behaves like a transmission line (e.g. air conditioning duct, car muffler, etc.).Morse, P.M. (1948) The duct contains some medium, such as air, that supports sound propagation. Its length is typically around a quarter of the wavelength which is intended to be guided, but the dimensions of its cross section are smaller than this. Sound is introduced at one end of the tube by forcing the pressure to vary in the direction of propagation, which causes a pressure gradient to travel perpendicular to the cross section at the speed of sound. When the wave reaches the end of the transmi ...
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Science (journal)
''Science'' is the peer review, peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals. It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is over 400,000 people. ''Science'' is based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a second office in Cambridge, UK. Contents The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but ''Science'' also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, ''Science'' and its rival ''Nature (journal), Nature'' cover the full range of List of academ ...
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Physical Review B
''Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics'' (also known as PRB) is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal, published by the American Physical Society (APS). The Lead Editor of PRB is Stephen E. Nagler and the Chief Editor is Sarma Kancharla. It is part of the '' Physical Review'' family of journals.
About the Physical Review Journals
The current Editor in Chief is Randall Kamien. PRB currently publishes over 5000 papers a year, making it one of the largest physics journals in the world.
PRB ranked by the Eigenfactor, University of Washington, ...
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Convection
Convection is single or Multiphase flow, multiphase fluid flow that occurs Spontaneous process, spontaneously through the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed. Convection may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow. Convective flow may be Transient state, transient (such as when a Multiphasic liquid, multiphase mixture of oil and water separates) or steady state (see convection cell). The convection may be due to Gravity, gravitational, Electromagnetism, electromagnetic or Fictitious force, fictitious body forces. Convection (heat transfer), Heat transfer by natural convection plays a role in the structure of Earth's atmosphere, its oceans, and its Earth's mantle, mantle. Discrete convective cells in the atmosphere can be identified by ...
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New Journal Of Physics
''New Journal of Physics'' is an online-only, Open access (publishing), open-access, peer review, peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in all aspects of physics, as well as interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary topics where physics forms the central theme. The journal was established in 1998 and is a joint publication of the Institute of Physics and the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. It is published by IOP Publishing. The editor-in-chief is Andreas Buchleitner (Albert Ludwigs University). ''New Journal of Physics'' is part of the SCOAP3, SCOAP3 initiative. In April 2023, on occasion of the World Quantum Day, IOP Publishing has launched a special collection of its most important articles published in the field of quantum research. The articles will be extracted from ''Materials for Quantum Technology'', ''Quantum Science and Technology'', ''New Journal of Physics'' and ''Reports on Progress in Physics''. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and ind ...
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Audio Engineering
Audio most commonly refers to sound, as it is transmitted in signal form. It may also refer to: Sound *Audio signal, an electrical representation of sound * Audio frequency, a frequency in the audio spectrum *Digital audio, representation of sound in a form processed and/or stored by computers or digital electronics *Audio, audible content (media) in audio production and publishing * Semantic audio, extraction of symbols or meaning from audio * Stereophonic audio, method of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of multi-directional audible perspective * Audio equipment Entertainment * AUDIO (group), an American R&B band of 5 brothers formerly known as TNT Boyz and as B5 * ''Audio'' (album), an album by the Blue Man Group * ''Audio'' (magazine), a magazine published from 1947 to 2000 * Audio (musician), British drum and bass artist * "Audio" (song), a song by LSD *"Audios", a song by Black Eyed Peas from ''Elevation'' Computing * HTML audio, identified by the tag See ...
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