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Academy Of Persian Language And Literature
The Academy of Persian Language and Literature (APLL) (, ''Farhangestân-e Zabân-o Adab-e Fârsi'') is the regulatory body for the Persian language, headquartered in Tehran, Iran. Formerly known as the Academy of Iran (, ''Farhangestân-e Iran''), it was founded on 20 May 1935, by the initiative of Reza Shah, the first shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. The academy acts as the official authority on the language, and contributes to linguistic research on Persian and other languages of Iran. History Early efforts The first official efforts to protect the Persian language from foreign words and to standardise its spelling of Persian orthography were made in 1871, during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. After Naser al-Din Shah, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar ordered the establishment of the first Persian association in 1903. This association officially declared that it used Persian and Arabic as acceptable sources for coining words. The ultimate goal was to prevent books from being print ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
List Of Language Regulators
This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often called language academies. Language academies are motivated by, or closely associated with, linguistic purism and prestige, and typically publish prescriptive dictionaries,Thomas, George (1991''Linguistic purism''p.108, quotation: which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations. A language regulator may also have a more descriptive approach, however, while maintaining and promoting (but not imposing) a standard spelling. Many language academies are private institutions, although some are governmental bodies in different states, or enjoy some form of government-sanctioned status in one or more countries. There may also be multiple language academies attempting to regulate and codify the same language, sometimes based in different countries and sometimes influenced by political factors. Many world languages have one or more language academies or off ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Persian Literature
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central Asia (such as Tajikistan), South Asia and the Balkans where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For example, Rumi, one of the best-loved Persian poets, born in Balkh (in modern-day Afghanistan) or Wakhsh (in modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in Konya (in modern-day Turkey), at that time the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Tajikistan and other parts of Cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Isa Sedigh
Isa Sedigh (, also known as Sedigh Alam or Sadiq Aʿlam, "the knowledgeable Sadiq"; 1894–1978) was minister of education in Iran, and the third president of the University of Tehran. Early life and education Isa Sedigh was born in June 1894 in ''Hammam Ghebleh'', Tehran. His father, Mirza Abdollah Shamloo, also known as Abdollah Sedigh Al-Tojjar Isfahani, was a grandson of Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi. Isa Sedigh finished his undergraduate education in Kamalieh School and Dar ul-Funun. After finishing school, he traveled to France with the first student expedition in 1911. In 1918, he completed his education in Versailles, Yvelines, receiving his bachelor's degree in mathematics from the University of Paris. In 1930, upon receiving an invitation to study at Teachers College, Columbia University, Sedigh went to United States and, after one year, received his doctorate in Philosophy. Career Isa Sedigh was a member of the Socialist Party. He worked in the University of Cambridge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ebrahim Pourdavoud
Ebrāhim Pourdāvoud (; February 9, 1885 – November 17, 1968) was born in Rasht, Iran, to a mother who was the daughter of a clergyman and a father who was a reputable merchant and landlord. He is one of the most formidable scholars of Iran during the 20th century. Pourdavoud translated Avesta into Persian in six volumes. In addition, he made many other significant contributions to Iranian studies. Life and career At 20, Pourdavoud moved to Tehran to study traditional medicine but medicine proved not to be to his liking. In 1908, at the age of 23, he went to Beirut where he studied French literature for two and a half years. He then returned to Iran to visit his family but before long left for France. Here, he published the periodical '' Iranshahr'' (the Land of Iran), with the first issue appearing in April 1914 and the fourth and the last issue on the day World War I erupted. During the War, he established himself in Baghdad where he published the periodical '' Rastakhiz'' ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Saeed Nafisi
Saeed Nafisi (also Naficy) (; June 8, 1895 – November 13, 1966) was an Iranian scholar, fiction writer and poet. He was a prolific writer in Persian. Nafisi was born in Tehran, where he conducted numerous research projects on Iranian culture, literature and poetry. He first emerged as a serious thinker when he joined Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani, Gholamreza Rashid-Yasemi and Abdolhossein Teymourtash to found one of the first literary magazines to be published in Iran, called Daneshkade, in 1918. He subsequently published many articles on Iran, Persian literary texts and Sufism and his works have been translated into more than 20 languages worldwide. He died in a Russian hospital in Tehran. Saeed Nafisi's relatives include Moadeb Naficy, the guardian and doctor of the Shah of Iran ( Reza Pahlavi); and Moadeb's son Habib Nafisi (Naficy), a senior statesman, founder of Iran's labor laws, U.S.-Iran Attache, and founder of multiple technical universities in Tehran, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ahmad Matin-Daftari
Ahmad Matin-Daftari, also known as ''Mo'in al-Dowleh'' (; 23 January 1897 – 26 June 1971), was an Iranian peoples, Iranian politician. He served as the former List of prime ministers of Iran, Prime Minister of Pahlavi Iran from 1939 until 1940. Biography The son of Showkat ad-Dowleh and grand-son of Najm al-Saltaneh. Ahmad Matin-Daftari was born on 23 January 1897 in Tehran to father ''Mirza Mahmud-Khan Ain ul-Mamalek.'' He studied in Tehran's German School and received his Ph.D. in France. He wrote his dissertation in 1929. Matin-Daftari served as Senator in Iran's Islamic Consultative Assembly, Majlis and became Prime Minister on 26 October 1939 with the fall of Mahmoud Jam's administration. During his premiership, the first National census was implemented in Iran and Iran's first National Radio transmitter was inaugurated. Matin Daftari was removed from the office on 25 June 1940. Matin-Daftari was thrown in prison after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran by the Allies in 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
Mohammad-Ali Jamālzādeh Esfahani (; 13 January 1892 in Isfahan, Iran – 8 November 1997 in Geneva, Switzerland) was one of the most prominent writers of Iran in the 20th century, best known for his unique style of humour. In view of his vast influence over Persian short story writing, he is often referred to as the father of this genre in Iran. Biography Early years and family Sayyed Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh was born in Esfahan into a middle-class family. The date of his birth is uncertain; years between 1892 and 1896 have been mentioned and, by the end of his life, even he himself was not certain of the actual year. The year 1895 has traditionally been taken as the year of his birth. His father, Sayyed Jamal ad-Din Esfahani, was a progressive and popular pro-constitutional mullah, preacher and writer who became a constitutional revolutionary, delivering raging sermons that inspired his son but cost him his life; he was executed in 1908 on the order of Mohammad Ali Shah Q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mahmoud Hessabi
Mahmoud Hessabi (or Hessaby, , 23 February 1903 – 3 September 1992) was an Iranian nuclear physicist and senator. He was the minister of education in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh from 1951 to 1952. Life Hessabi was born in Tehran to the family of Abbas and Goharshad Hessabi. His family's hometown is Tafresh, Markazi province, Iran. His family moved to Beirut in 1907 when his father was appointed consul at the Iranian embassy. There Hessabi attended primary school. He was still in secondary school when World War I started prompting the closure of his school and so Hessabi continued his education at home and in 1922, he earned a degree in road engineering from the American University of Beirut. After briefly working for the Ministry of Roads, Beirut, Hessabi travelled to Paris for further education, where he was awarded a degree in electrical engineering at the École Superieure d'Electricité and later a doctorate degree in 1927. In Paris, he worked with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mohammad Hejazi (author)
Mohammad Hejazi (; April 14, 1900 – January 30, 1974) was an Iranian novelist, short-story writer, playwright, essayist, translator, a government official, and member of the senate. Life He was born in Tehran and died in Tehran in 1974 at the age of 73. He was grandson of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar of the Qajar dynasty, son of a high ranking Qajar Prince and official, Nasár-Allah Mirza Mostawfi, Vazir Lashgar Moti od Dowleh the first (minister of War and governor – Hakemof Esterabad), he received his elementary and high school education in Tehran at St. Louis St. Louis ( , sometimes referred to as St. Louis City, Saint Louis or STL) is an independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It lies near the confluence of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. In 2020, the city proper had a populatio ..., the French Catholic missionary school for boys. In 1919 he was employed by the ministry of post, telegraph, and telephone and in 1921 he was sent by the same ministry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Allame Mohammad Qazvini
Mohammad Qazvini ( ; 1876–1949) was a prominent figure in modern Iranian culture and literature. Education and activities Qazvini was born in Tehran. Qazvini studied at literary and philosophical seminaries, studying culture, jurisprudence, principles, theology, ancient wisdom and gained knowledge of the various branches of Arabic literature. His brother Mirza Ahmad Khan invited 28-year-old Qazvini to London. Orientalist Edward Granville Browne Edward Granville Browne FBA (7 February 1862 – 5 January 1926) was a British Iranologist. He published numerous articles and books, mainly in the areas of history and literature. Life Browne was born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, ... was familiar and interested in Qazvini's research and expertise and met him at the University of Cambridge. Qazvini remained in Europe for almost thirty five years. References Sources * Further reading * {{DEFAULTSORT:Qazvini, Mohammad Iranian expatriate academics 1876 births ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Badiozzaman Forouzanfar
Badiozzaman Forouzanfar or Badi'ozzamān Forūzānfar (, also as "Badiʿ al-Zamān Furūzānfar"; born 12 July 1904 in Boshrooyeh, Ferdows County – died 6 May 1970 in Tehran, born ''Ziyaa' Boshrooye-i'' ) was a scholar of Persian literature, Iranian linguistics and culture, and an expert on Rumi (Molana Jalaleddin Balkhi) and his works. He was a distinguished professor of literature at Tehran University. He is one of the " Five-Masters (''Panj Ostād'')", five influential scholars of Persian literature, the others being Malekoshoara Bahar, Jalal Homaei, Abdolazim Gharib and Rashid Yasemi. The critical edition of Rumi's ''Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi'' (in 10 volumes) by Forouzanfar is the best edition of the book available to date. The first critical edition of ''Fihi ma fihi'' was also done by B. Forouzanfar, which is now well known in the West thanks to the selective translation of A. J. Arberry. His ''Ahadith-i Mathnawi'' is a compilation of hadith from Rumi's Masnavi. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda
Allameh Ali-Akbar Dehkhodā (; 1879 – March 9, 1956) was a prominent Iranian literary writer, philologist, and lexicographer. He was the author of the '' Dehkhoda Dictionary'', the most extensive dictionary of the Persian language published to date. Biography Dehkhoda was born in Tehran to parents from Qazvin. His father, Khan-Baba Khan Ghazvini, died when he was only 9 years old. Dehkhoda excelled quickly in Persian literature, Arabic, and French. He enrolled at the School of Political Science, which employed, amongst other figures, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and his Secretary as lecturers. He was also active in politics, and served in the Majles as a Member of Parliament from Kerman and Tehran. He also served as Dean of Tehran School of Political Science and later the School of Law of the University of Tehran. In 1903, he went to the Balkans as an Iranian embassy employee, but came back to Iran two years later and became involved in the Constitutional Rev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
