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Zaytsev's Rule
In organic chemistry, Zaytsev's rule (or Zaitsev's rule, Saytzeff's rule, Saytzev's rule) is an empirical rule for predicting the favored alkene product(s) in elimination reactions. While at the University of Kazan, Russian chemist Alexander Zaytsev studied a variety of different elimination reactions and observed a general trend in the resulting alkenes. Based on this trend, Zaytsev proposed that the alkene formed in greatest amount is that which corresponded to removal of the hydrogen from the alpha-carbon having the fewest hydrogen substituents. For example, when 2-iodobutane is treated with alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH), but-2-ene is the major product and but-1-ene is the minor product. : More generally, Zaytsev's rule predicts that in an elimination reaction the most substituted product will be the most stable, and therefore the most favored. The rule makes no generalizations about the stereochemistry of the newly formed alkene, but only the regiochemistry of the eli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the science, scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic matter, organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.Clayden, J.; Greeves, N. and Warren, S. (2012) ''Organic Chemistry''. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–15. . Study of structure determines their structural formula. Study of properties includes Physical property, physical and Chemical property, chemical properties, and evaluation of Reactivity (chemistry), chemical reactivity to understand their behavior. The study of organic reactions includes the organic synthesis, chemical synthesis of natural products, drugs, and polymers, and study of individual organic molecules in the laboratory and via theoretical (in silico) study. The range of chemicals studied chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen) as well as compounds based on carbon, but a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov
Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov, also Markownikoff (; – 11 February 1904) was a Russian chemist, best known for having developed the Markovnikov's rule, that describes addition reactions of hydrogen halides and alkenes. Early life and education Vladimir Markovnikov was born on December 22, 1837, in Chernorechye near Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire (now Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russian Federation). Soon after his birth, his father retired and settled in a family estate received as a dowry from his wife's family at marriage, in the village of Ivanovo, Knyagininsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, where Markovnikov spent his early childhood. He joined the cameral department of the law faculty of Kazan Imperial University in 1856. He moved to the natural department of the university, where he attended the lectures of A. M. Butlerov. In 1860, after completing a university course, he was left to prepare for a professorship and was appointed laboratory assistant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperconjugation
In organic chemistry, hyperconjugation (σ-conjugation or no-bond resonance) refers to the delocalization of electrons with the participation of bonds of primarily σ-character. Usually, hyperconjugation involves the interaction of the electrons in a sigma (σ) orbital (e.g. C–H or C–C) with an adjacent unpopulated non-bonding p or antibonding σ* or π* orbitals to give a pair of extended molecular orbitals. However, sometimes, low-lying antibonding σ* orbitals may also interact with filled orbitals of lone pair character (n) in what is termed '' negative hyperconjugation''. Increased electron delocalization associated with hyperconjugation increases the stability of the system. In particular, the new orbital with bonding character is stabilized, resulting in an overall stabilization of the molecule. Only electrons in bonds that are in the β position can have this sort of direct stabilizing effect — donating from a sigma bond on an atom to an orbital in another ato ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry
In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are arccos(−) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane () as well as its heavier analogues. Methane and other perfectly symmetrical tetrahedral molecules belong to point group ''Td'', but most tetrahedral molecules have lower symmetry. Tetrahedral molecules can be chiral. Tetrahedral bond angle The bond angle for a symmetric tetrahedral molecule such as CH4 may be calculated using the dot product of two vectors. As shown in the diagram at left, the molecule can be inscribed in a cube with the tetravalent atom (e.g. carbon) at the cube centre which is the origin of coordinates, O. The four monovalent atoms (e.g. hydrogens) are at four corners of the cube (A, B, C, D) chosen so that no two atoms are at adjacent corners linked by only one cube edge. If the edge len ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkyl
In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen. The term ''alkyl'' is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions. An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of . A cycloalkyl group is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from a Ring (chemistry), ring and has the general formula . Typically an alkyl is a part of a larger molecule. In structural formulae, the symbol R is used to designate a generic (unspecified) alkyl group. The smallest alkyl group is methyl, with the formula . Related concepts Alkylation is the addition of alkyl groups to molecules, often by alkylating agents such as Haloalkane, alkyl halides. Alkylating antineoplastic agents are a class of compounds that are used to treat cancer. In such case, the term alkyl is used loosely. For example, nitrogen mustards are well-known alkylating agents, but they are not simple hydrocarbons. In chemistry, alkyl is a group, a substituent, that is attached to ot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2,3-dimethyl-2-butene
Tetramethylethylene is a hydrocarbon with the formula Me2C=CMe2 (Me = methyl). A colorless liquid, it is the simplest tetrasubstituted alkene. Synthesis It can be prepared by base-catalyzed isomerization of 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene. Another route involves direct dimerization of propylene. It can also be produced by photolysis of tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-dione. Reactions Tetramethylethylene forms metal-alkene complexes with low-valent metals and reacts with diborane to give the monoalkyborane known as thexylborane Thexylborane is a borane with the formula e2CHCMe2BH2sub>2 (Me = methyl). The name derives from "''t''-hexylborane" (although the group is not the standard ''tert''-hexyl group), and the formula is often abbreviated ThxBH2. A colorless liquid, ....{{cite book, doi=10.1002/9780470132593.ch22, title=Di-μ-Chloro-Bis(η4-1,5-Cyclooctadiene)-Dirhodium(I), series=Inorganic Syntheses, pages=88–90, year=1990, volume=28, last1=Giordano, first1=G., last2=Crabtree, firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-methyl-2-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene, 2m2b, 2-methylbut-2-ene, beta-isoamylene, or trimethylethylene is an alkene hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C5H10. Used as a free radical scavenger in trichloromethane (chloroform) and dichloromethane (methylene chloride). It is also used to scavenge hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the Pinnick oxidation. John Snow, the English physician, experimented with it in the 1840s as an anesthetic, but stopped using it for unknown reasons. As a crucial fact, it is a flammable material, an irritant, can result in health hazards and environmental hazards. See also *Pentene Pentenes are alkenes with the chemical formula . Each molecule contains one double bond within its molecular structure. Six different compounds are in this class, differing from each other by whether the carbon atoms are attached linearly or in ... References Hydrocarbons Alkenes {{hydrocarbon-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1-Butene
1-Butene (IUPAC name: But-1-ene, also known as 1-butylene) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CH=CH2. It is a colorless gas, but easily condensed to give a colorless liquid. It is classified as a linear alpha-olefin (terminal alkene). It is one of the isomers of butene (butylene). It is a precursor to diverse products. Reactions Polymerization of 1-butene gives polybutylene, which is used to make piping for domestic plumbing. Another application is as a comonomer in the production of certain kinds of polyethylene, such as linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). It has also been used as a precursor to polypropylene resins, 1,2-Epoxybutane, butylene oxide, and butanone. Manufacturing 1-Butene is produced by separation from crude C4 refinery streams and by ethylene dimerization. The former affords a mixture of 1-and 2-butenes, while the latter affords only the terminal alkene. It is distilled to give a very high purity product. An estimated 12 billion kilograms were pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wade
Wade, WADE, or Wades may refer to: Places in the United States * Wade, Maine, a town * Wade, Mississippi, a census-designated place * Wade, North Carolina, a town * Wade, Ohio, an unincorporated community * Wade Township, Clinton County, Illinois * Wade Township, Jasper County, Illinois * Wade County, Choctaw Nation, a former political subdivision * Wades Branch, a river in Tennessee People, fictional characters and mythological creatures * Wade (given name), a list of people and fictional characters * Wade (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters * Wade (folklore), a being from Germanic mythology and folklore Other uses * ''Wade'' (film), a 2020 Indian animated short film * World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE) * Wade Ceramics, manufacturers of porcelain and earthenware; known for making "Whimsies" * WADE (AM), a radio station in Wadesboro, North Carolina, United States * Wade–Giles, a method of Romanisation of Chinese, sometimes abb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exothermic
In thermodynamics, an exothermic process () is a thermodynamic process or reaction that releases energy from the system to its surroundings, usually in the form of heat, but also in a form of light (e.g. a spark, flame, or flash), electricity (e.g. a battery), or sound (e.g. explosion heard when burning hydrogen). The term ''exothermic'' was first coined by 19th-century French chemist Marcellin Berthelot. The opposite of an exothermic process is an endothermic process, one that absorbs energy, usually in the form of heat. The concept is frequently applied in the physical sciences to chemical reactions where chemical bond energy is converted to thermal energy (heat). Two types of chemical reactions Exothermic and endothermic describe two types of chemical reactions or systems found in nature, as follows: Exothermic An exothermic reaction occurs when heat is released to the surroundings. According to the IUPAC, an exothermic reaction is "a reaction for which the overall stand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alkane
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon bonds are single. Alkanes have the general chemical formula . The alkanes range in complexity from the simplest case of methane (), where ''n'' = 1 (sometimes called the parent molecule), to arbitrarily large and complex molecules, like hexacontane () or 4-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) octane, an isomer of dodecane (). The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines alkanes as "acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula , and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms". However, some sources use the term to denote ''any'' saturated hydrocarbon, including those that are either monocyclic (i.e. the cycloalkanes) or polycycl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. The process is commonly employed to redox, reduce or Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturate organic compounds. Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, often an alkene. Catalysts are required for the reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high temperatures. Hydrogenation reduces Double bond, double and Triple bond, triple bonds in hydrocarbons. Process Hydrogenation has three components, the Saturated and unsaturated compounds, unsaturated substrate, the hydrogen (or hydrogen source) and, invariably, a catalyst. The redox, reduction reaction is carried out at different temperatures and pressures depending upon the substrate and the activity of the catalyst. Related or competing reactions The same cataly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
