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Yukaghir Birch-bark Carvings
The Yukaghir birch-bark carvings were traditionally drawn by Yukaghir people of Siberia on birch bark for various purposes such as mapping, record-keeping, and party games. Russian writers observed these carvings in the 1890s, and based on their descriptions, several 20th-century scholars misunderstood them to be the examples of a writing system. One particular carving became well-known as the "Yukaghir love letter", but is actually the product of a guessing game. Types Three kinds of Yukaghir carvings are known from the accounts of the Russian writers S. Shargorodskii and Vladimir Jochelson: * The so-called "Yukaghir love letters", which are actually product of a guessing game at social gatherings (see below). * Small-scale maps drawn by men to assist in travels for hunting and other purposes. These maps used a limited set of symbols to depict features such as rivers and dwellings, so it appears that the Yukaghir men had established certain mapping conventions. * Depictions of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yukaghir People
The Yukaghirs, or Yukagirs ( (), ), are a Siberian ethnic group in the Russian Far East, living in the basin of the Kolyma River. Geographic distribution The Tundra Yukaghirs live in the Lower Kolyma region in the Sakha Republic; the Taiga Yukaghirs in the Upper Kolyma region in the Sakha Republic and in Srednekansky District of Magadan Oblast. By the time of Russian colonization in the 17th century, the Yukaghir tribal groups occupied territories from the Lena River to the mouth of the Anadyr River. The number of the Yukaghirs decreased between the 17th and 19th centuries due to epidemics, internecine wars and Tsarist colonial policy which may have included genocide against the sedentary hunter-fisher Anaouls. Some of the Yukaghirs have assimilated with the Yakuts, Evens, and Russians. Currently, Yukaghirs live in the Sakha Republic and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation. According to the 2002 Census, their total number was 1,509 people, up from 1,112 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generalmajor
is the Germanic languages, Germanic variant of major general, used in a number of Central Europe, Central and Northern European countries. Austria Belgium Denmark is the second lowest general officer rank in the Royal Danish Army and Royal Danish Air Force. As a two-star rank it is the equivalent to the rank of counter admiral in the Royal Danish Navy. The rank is rated Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers, OF-7 within NATO. It has the grade of M404 within the Ministry of Defence (Denmark), Ministry of Defence's pay structure. The rank of major general is reserved for the Chief of the Royal Danish Army, Chief of the army and Chief of the Royal Danish Air Force, air force. History On 25 May 1671, the ranks were codified, by Christian V of Denmark, King Christian V, with the publication of the Danish order of precedence. Here General of the branch, generals of the branch were placed below Lieutenant field marshal (), and above the Imperial, royal and noble ranks, n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siberian Culture
Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive region, geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states since the lengthy Russian conquest of Siberia, conquest of Siberia, which began with the Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir, fall of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582 and concluded with the annexation of Chukchi Peninsula, Chukotka in 1778. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over , but home to roughly a quarter of Russia's population. Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Omsk are the largest cities in the area. Because Siberia is a geographic and historic concept and not a political entity, there is no single precise definition of its territorial borders. Traditionally, Siberia spans the entire expanse of land from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, with the Ural (river), Ural River usually forming the southernmost po ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birch Bark Manuscript
Birch bark manuscripts are documents written on pieces of the outer layer of birch bark, which was commonly used for writing before the mass production of paper. Evidence of birch bark for writing goes back many centuries and appears in various cultures. The oldest such manuscripts are the numerous Gandhāran Buddhist texts from approximately the 1st century CE, from what is now Afghanistan. They contain among the earliest known versions of significant Buddhist scriptures, including a ''Dhammapada'', discourses of Buddha that include the '' Rhinoceros Sutra'', Avadanas and Abhidharma texts. Sanskrit birch bark manuscripts written with Brahmi script have been dated to the first few centuries CE. Several early Sanskrit writers, such as Kālidāsa (), Sushruta (), and Varāhamihira (6th century CE) mention its use for manuscripts. The bark of '' Betula utilis'' (Himalayan Birch) is still used today in India and Nepal for writing sacred mantras. Russian texts discovered in Veliky Nov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Elkins (art Historian)
James Elkins (born 1955) is an American art historian and art critic. He is E.C. Chadbourne Chair of art history, theory, and criticism at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. He also coordinates the Stone Summer Theory Institute, a short term school on contemporary art history based at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Education *BA, cum laude, 1977, Cornell University *MFA and MA, 1984, University of Chicago *PhD with honors, 1989, University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or UChi) is a Private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Its main campus is in the Hyde Park, Chicago, Hyde Park neighborhood on Chicago's South Side, Chic ... Publications *Pictures and Tears: A History of People Who Have Cried in Front of Paintings *Chinese Landscape Painting as Western Art History *Pictures of the Body: Pain and Metamorphosis *The Domain of Images *How to Use Your Eyes *What Painting Is *The Poetics o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linguistics (journal)
''Linguistics: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Language Sciences'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics published by De Gruyter Mouton. The journal publishes both articles and book reviews. It publishes two special issues a year. The current Editor-in-Chief is Volker Gast. Since 2010, it publishes 1400 pages per year. History ''Linguistics'' was started in 1963 by Mouton Publishers in The Hague, apparently on the initiative of Mouton's Peter de Ridder as well as linguist C.H. van Schooneveld.Johan van der Auwera: Linguistics, the first 50 years, 2013 In 1979, after Mouton had been bought by Walter de Gruyter, a new editorial board was established, consisting of [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semasiography
Semasiography ('writing with signs', from Greek 'signification' + 'writing') is the use of symbols, called semasiographs, to "communicate information without the necessary intercession of forms of speech". This non-phonetic based technique is studied in semasiology within the field of linguistics. Semasiography predates the advent of language-based writing. Contemporary systems like musical and mathematical notation, computer icons, and emoji An emoji ( ; plural emoji or emojis; , ) is a pictogram, logogram, ideogram, or smiley embedded in text and used in electronic messages and web pages. The primary function of modern emoji is to fill in emotional cues otherwise missing from type ... have also been characterized as semasiographies. See also * Blissymbols References Citations Works cited * Writing systems Proto-writing {{writingsystem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoffrey Sampson
Geoffrey Sampson (born 1944) is Professor of Natural Language Computing in the Department of Informatics (academic field), Informatics, University of Sussex.Geoffrey Sampson University of Sussex staff bio page. He produces annotation standards for compiling corpus linguistics, corpora (databases) of ordinary usage of the English language. His work has been applied in automatic language-understanding software, and in writing-skills training. He has also analysed Ronald Coase's "theory of the firm" and the economic and political implications of e-business. Career Sampson is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, the British Computer Society and the Higher Education Academy.[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideograph
An ideogram or ideograph (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'idea' + 'to write') is a symbol that is used within a given writing system to represent an idea or concept in a given language. (Ideograms are contrasted with phonogram (linguistics), phonograms, which indicate sounds of speech and thus are independent of any particular language.) Some ideograms are more arbitrary than others: some are only meaningful assuming preexisting familiarity with some convention; others more directly resemble their signifieds. Ideograms that represent physical objects by visually illustrating them are called ''pictograms''. * Numeral system, Numerals and List of mathematical symbols, mathematical symbols are ideograms, for example ⟨1⟩ 'one', ⟨2⟩ 'two', ⟨+⟩ 'plus', and ⟨=⟩ 'equals'. * The ampersand ⟨&⟩ is used in many languages to represent the word ''and'', originally a stylized Ligature (writing), ligature of the Latin word . * Other typographical examples include ⟨§⟩ 'sect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Diringer
David Diringer (16 June 1900 – 13 February 1975) was a British linguist, palaeographer and writer. He was the author of several well-known books about writing systems. Biography Diringer was born to Jacob Munzer and Mirl Diringer on 16 June 1900, in Tlumacz – at that time considered part of Austria, later Poland, but now Tlumach, Ukraine.HO 396 WW2 Internees (Aliens) Index Cards 1939-1947, The National Archives, Kew, London, England. He stayed in Tlumacz through high school but moved to Italy to earn, in 1927, his Doctor of Literature degree from the University of Florence. This was followed, in 1929, by a diploma in ancient history. He was appointed a professor at Florence (1931–1933), his first academic interest being the culture of the Etruscans. He did excavations in Tuscany from 1930 to 1939. As anti-Jewish policies were put in place in Italy, he moved to England in 1939. His two brothers who remained in Tlumacz were both lost in the holocaust. In England he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karl Weule
Karl Weule (29 February 1864, in Wallmoden, Alt-Wallmoden – 19 April 1926, in Leipzig) was a German geographer, ethnologist and museum director. Biography Weule studied history, geography and German philology at the universities of University of Leipzig, Leipzig and University of Göttingen, Göttingen. In 1891, he moved to Berlin, where he served as assistant geographer to Ferdinand von Richthofen, followed by work as assistant to Adolf Bastian at the Ethnological Museum of Berlin. In 1899, he was appointed assistant director at the Leipzig Museum of Ethnography (Museum für Völkerkunde zu Leipzig).SP Karl Weule - Interviews with German Anthropologists (biographical information) In 1906, he traveled to German East Africa, where he made use of photography, cinematography and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Srednekolymsk
Srednekolymsk (; , ''Orto Xalıma'') is a town and the administrative center of Srednekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kolyma River, northeast of Yakutsk, the capital of the republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 3,525. History When the Russians arrived in the 1640s, they built three forts on the Kolyma: Nizhnekolymsk, Srednekolymsk, and Verkhnekolymsk (i.e., lower, middle, and upper Kolymsk). They were about three days sled journey apart. Nizhnekolymsk was on the delta near the route to Anadyrsk. Srednekolymsk was at the head of navigation by seagoing koches, in forested country for good fur trapping and on the overland route to the Indigirka River. Verkhnekolymsk was smaller and upriver. The first fort ('' ostrog'') was founded in 1644''Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic'' by Mikhail Stadukhin. Some say that this was Nizhnekolymsk, but FisherRaymond H. Fisher. ''The Voyage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
