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Workers' Defense Committee
The Workers' Defense Committee ( , KOR) was a Polish civil society group that was established to give aid to prisoners and their families after the June 1976 protests and ensuing government crackdown. It was a precursor and inspiration for efforts of the Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity trade union a few years later. It was established in September 1976. A year later it was reorganized into the Committee for Social Self-defence KOR (''Komitet Samoobrony Społecznej KOR''). History The organization was the first major anti-communist civic group in Poland, as well as Eastern Europe. It was borne of the outrage at the government's crackdown on the June 1976 protests. Its stated purpose was to create "new centers of autonomous activity." It raised money through sales of its underground publications, through fund-raising groups in Paris and London, and grants from Western institutions. KOR sent open letters of protest to the government and organized legal and financial supp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Society
Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere.''What is Civil Society'' civilsoc.org By other authors, ''civil society'' is used in the sense of (1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that advance the interests and will of citizens or (2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government. Sometimes the term ''civil society'' is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (''Collins English Dictionary''). Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic values. ...
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Jerzy Andrzejewski
Jerzy Andrzejewski (; 19 August 1909 – 19 April 1983) was a prolific Polish writer. His works confront controversial moral issues such as betrayal, the Jews and Auschwitz in the wartime. His novels, ''Ashes and Diamonds'' (about the immediate Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946), post-war situation in Poland), and ''Holy Week (film), Holy Week'' (treating the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising), have been made into film adaptations by the Oscar-winning Polish director Andrzej Wajda. ''Holy Week'' and ''Ashes and Diamonds'' have both been translated into English. His novel ''Gates to Paradise, The Gates of Paradise'' was translated into English by James Kirkup and published by Panther Books with the anglicised spelling "George Andrzeyevski". Life and career Born in Warsaw in 1909, Andrzejewski studied philology at the University of Warsaw in the Second Polish Republic. In 1932 he debuted in ''ABC Magazine'' with his first short story entitled ''Wobec czyjegoś życia''. In 193 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wojciech Ziembiński
Wojciech () is a Polish name, equivalent to Czech Vojtěch , Slovak Vojtech, and German Woitke. The name is formed from two Slavic roots: * ''wój'' (Slavic: ''voj''), a root pertaining to war. It also forms words like ''wojownik'' ("warrior") and ''wojna'' ("war"). * ''ciech'' (from an earlier form, ''tech''), meaning "joy". The resulting combination means "he who enjoys war" or "joyous warrior". Its Polish diminutive forms include ''Wojtek'' , ''Wojtuś'' , ''Wojtas'', ''Wojcio'', ''Wojteczek'', ''Wojcieszek'', ''Wojtaszka'', ''Wojtaszek'', ''Wojan'' (noted already in 1136), ''Wojko'', and variants noted as early as 1400, including ''Woytko'', ''Woythko'', and ''Voytko''. The feminine form is Wojciecha (). Related names in South Slavic languages include ''Vojko'', ''Vojislav'', and ''Vojteh''. The name has been rendered into German in several different variations, including: ''Woitke'', ''Witke'', ''Voitke'', ''Voytke'', ''Woytke'', ''Vogtke'', ''Woytegk'', ''Woytek'', ''Wog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Zieja
Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Number, a barcode standard compatible with EAN * Japanese Accepted Name, a Japanese nonproprietary drug name * Job Accommodation Network, US, for people with disabilities * ''Joint Army-Navy'', US standards for electronic color codes, etc. * ''Journal of Advanced Nursing'' Personal name * Jan (name), male variant of ''John'', female shortened form of ''Janet'' and ''Janice'' * Jan (Persian name), Persian word meaning 'life', 'soul', 'dear'; also used as a name * Ran (surname), romanized from Mandarin as Jan in Wade–Giles * Ján, Slovak name Other uses * January, as an abbreviation for the first month of the year in the Gregorian calendar * Jan (cards), a term in some card games when a player loses without taking any tricks or scoring a m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adam Szczypiorski
Adam is the name given in Genesis 1–5 to the first human. Adam is the first human-being aware of God, and features as such in various belief systems (including Judaism, Christianity, Gnosticism and Islam). According to Christianity, Adam sinned in the Garden of Eden by eating from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. This action introduced death and sin into the world. This sinful nature infected all his descendants, and led humanity to be expelled from the Garden. Only through the crucifixion of Jesus, humanity can be redeemed. In Islam, Adam is considered ''Khalifa'' (خليفة) (successor) on earth. This is understood to mean either that he is God's deputy, the initiation of a new cycle of sentient life on earth, or both. Similar to the Biblical account, the Quran has Adam placed in a garden where he sins by taking from the Tree of Immortality, so loses his abode in the garden. When Adam repents from his sin, he is forgiven by God. This is seen as a guidance for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aniela Steinsbergowa
Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyerRobert Jarocki, ''Aniela Steinsberg'', in: ''Polski Słownik Biograficzny'', tom XLIII, 2004–200online/ref> known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party The Polish Socialist Party (, PPS) is a democratic socialist political party in Poland. It was one of the most significant parties in Poland from its founding in 1892 until its forced merger with the communist Polish Workers' Party to form .... During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".Kryptonim „Gracze”. Służba Bezpieczeństwa wobec Komitetu Obrony robotników i Komitetu Samoobrony społecznej „Kor” 1976–1981, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Józef Rybicki
Józef is a Polish variant of the masculine given name Joseph. Art * Józef Chełmoński (1849-1914), Polish painter * Józef Gosławski (1908-1963), Polish sculptor Clergy * Józef Glemp (1929-2013), Polish cardinal * Józef Kowalski (1911-1942), Polish priest * Józef Milik (1922-2006), Polish priest and biblical scholar * Józef Tischner (1931-2000), Polish priest * Józef Andrzej Załuski (1702-1774), Polish priest and Bishop of Kyiv * Józef Życiński (1948-2011), Polish archbishop Literature * Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński (1748-1826), Polish novelist and poet * Józef Wybicki (1747-1822), Polish poet Military * Józef Bem (1794-1850), Polish general and engineer * Józef Grzesiak (1900-1975), Polish resistance member and scoutmaster * Józef Haller (1873-1960), Polish general * Józef Piotrowski (1840-1923), Polish participant in the January Uprising * Józef Poniatowski (1763-1813), Polish general * Józef Sowiński (1777-1831), Polish gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoni Pajdak
Antoni is a Catalan, Polish, and Slovene given name and a surname used in the eastern part of Spain, Poland and Slovenia. As a Catalan given name it is a variant of the male names Anton and Antonio. As a Polish given name it is a variant of the female names Antonia and Antonina. As a Slovene name it is a variant of the male names Anton, Antonij and Antonijo and the female name Antonija. As a surname it is derived from the Antonius root name. It may refer to: Given name * Antoni Brzeżańczyk, Polish football player and manager * Antoni Gaudi, Catalan architect * Antoni Gutiérrez Díaz (1929–2006), Catalan physician and politician * Antoni Kenar, Polish sculptor * Antoni Lima, Catalan footballer * Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician * Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop * Antoni Niemczak, Polish long-distance runner * Józef Antoni Poniatowski, Polish prince and Marshal of France * Antoni Popiel, Polish sculptor * Antoni Porowski, Polish-Canadian chef, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piotr Naimski
Piotr Aleksander Naimski (born 2 February 1951) is a Polish politician and academic. He previously served as a Member of the Sejm, the Government Plenipotentiary for Strategic Energy Infrastructure, the Deputy Minister of Economy and the Head of the Office for State Protection. Biography Piotr Naimski was born on 2 February 1951. In 1968, he graduated from the Tadeusz Rejtan High School in Warsaw. He then studied at the University of Warsaw. In 1981 he received a Doctor of Philosophy in natural science. From 1976 to 1980, Naimski worked at the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a researcher at the New York University School of Medicine from 1981 to 1984. From 1996 to 2009, Naimski was on faculty at the Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu – National-Louis University, where he has been the Dean of the Faculty of Political Studies. Since 1964, Naimski was part of the "Black One" scout troop. Naimski took part in organizing assistance to oppr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoni Macierewicz
Antoni Macierewicz (; born 3 August 1948) is a Polish politician and the former Minister of National Defence. He previously served as the Minister of Internal Affairs, Head of the Military Counterintelligence Service, and Minister of State in the Ministry of National Defence. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Macierewicz was one of the founders in 1976 of the Workers' Defense Committee, a major anti-communist opposition organization that was a forerunner of Solidarity. During the 1980s Macierewicz directed the Centre for Social Research of Solidarity and was one of the trade union's key advisors. A former political prisoner, he escaped from incarceration and was in hiding until 1984, directing work and issuing underground publications. Macierewicz served as the Minister of Internal Affairs from 1991 to 1992, the Head of the Military Counterintelligence Service from 2006 to 2007, and the Minister of National Defence from 2015 to 2018. He is currently in his sixth term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Józef Lipski
Jan Józef Lipski (26 May 1926 in Warsaw – 10 September 1991 in Kraków) was a Polish critic, literature historian, politician and freemason. As a soldier of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa), he fought in the Warsaw Uprising. Editor of collected works by Jan Kasprowicz, Benedykt Chmielowski and Gabriela Zapolska. Political life Between 1956 and 1957 Lipski was an editor of the pro-reform weekly "Po prostu"; from 1957 to 1959 he was president of the Crooked Circle Club. In 1964 Lipski organized the Letter of the 34 (objecting to the expansion of censorship in communist Poland). In 1975 he signed the Letter of 59 and in 1976 he co-founded the Workers' Defence Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotnikow); as one of the most active members of this organization he organized help for the workers who protested in June 1976 against the government sponsored price increases in Radom and in Ursus district of Warsaw. In 1980, Lipski became a member of the Solidarity Union and was elected a del ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Lipiński (economist)
Edward Lipiński (October 18, 1888 – July 13, 1986) was a Polish economics, economist, intellectual, social critic and human rights advocate. During the almost seven decades of his career, he held a series of academic and government advisory positions, founded several organizations, published books and essays on economic policy. His works concerned business cycles, Economic growth, growth theory, history of economic thought and other areas of economics. Lipiński was a fighter for Polish independence and a socialism, socialist activist in the Second Polish Republic. In the Polish People's Republic, Lipiński was an influential Marxian economics, Marxian economist and a long-term member of the Polish United Workers' Party, communist party. Outspoken in his criticism of government policies, he became active in opposition circles. Life, career and social activism Lipiński was born at Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą, Nowe Miasto, Congress Poland in the Russian Empire. He was briefly jai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
