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Windows Dreamscene
Windows DreamScene is a utility that allows videos of the .wmv and .mpg format and other optimized animations to be used as desktop wallpapers. It is one of the many Windows Ultimate Extras offered for Ultimate editions of Windows Vista. Prior to its official announcement, DreamScene was rumored to be in creation under the names ''Motion Desktop'' and ''Borealis''. After several months of testing, the final version was released on September 25, 2007. Overview Rendered content included with DreamScene (such as an animated realization of the Windows Aurora background) was produced by Stardock, while photographic content was provided by the Discovery Channel. Third-party video content in MPEG or WMV format may also be used. In addition, AVI files can be played by altering the file extension. Additionally, in partnership with Dell, Microsoft released a separate DreamScene alongside its Product Red version of the Ultimate edition of Windows Vista. One of the purported adv ...
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Windows Vista
Windows Vista is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was the direct successor to Windows XP, released five years earlier, which was then the longest time span between successive releases of Microsoft Windows. It was Software release life cycle#Release to manufacturing (RTM), released to manufacturing on November 8, 2006, and over the following two months, it was released in stages to business customers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released internationally and was made available for purchase and download from the Windows Marketplace; it is the first release of Windows to be made available through a digital distribution platform. Development of Windows Vista began in 2001 under the codename "Longhorn"; originally envisioned as a minor successor to Windows XP, it feature creep, gradually included numerous new features from the then-next major release of Windows codenamed "Blackc ...
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Windows 11, Version 23H2
The Windows 11 2023 Update (also known as version 23H2 and codenamed "Sun Valley 3") is the second major update to Windows 11. It was shipped as an enablement package for the "Windows 11 2022 Update", and carries the build number 10.0.22631. Overview Starting with Windows 11, version 22H2, new features were released continuously to users of Windows 11. Following this release model, many features in Windows 11 2023 Update may thus already have been released to existing Windows 11 users at the time of receiving this update. Major features of Windows 11 2023 Update and system applications included: * Windows Cortana was replaced with Windows Copilot, later rebranded as Microsoft Copilot, an AI assistant based on the same technology stack as Bing Chat and Microsoft 365 Copilot. * Windows Backup was re-introduced with a new look and feature set for Windows 11. * Passkey support on the OS level was implemented via the biometric Windows Hello system. * The Start Menu, All Apps ...
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Windows 11, Version 22H2
The Windows 11 2022 Update (also known as version 22H2 and codenamed "Sun Valley 2") is the first major update to Windows 11. It carries the build number 10.0.22621. Five component updates were released for this version"Moment 1" with build 22621.675 on October 18, 2022, "Moment 2" with build 22621.1344 on February 28, 2023, "Moment 3" with build 22621.1778 on May 24, 2023, "Moment 4" with build 22621.2361 on September 26, 2023, and "Moment 5" with build 22621.3235 on February 29, 2024. Overview The first preview was released to Insiders who opted in to the Dev Channel on September 2, 2021. As of build 22449, the version string has been changed from "Dev" to "22H2". The update began rolling out on September 20, 2022. Notable changes in the 2022 Update include: * Redesigned and new Efficiency mode feature in Task Manager * Re-added the drag and drop feature on the taskbar * Improvement to the snap layout experience * New live captions feature * New Smart App Control (SAC) feat ...
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Windows 8
Windows 8 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was Software release life cycle#Release to manufacturing (RTM), released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012, made available for download via Microsoft Developer Network, MSDN and Microsoft TechNet, TechNet on August 15, 2012, and generally released for retail on October 26, 2012. Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and graphical user interface, user interface with the intention to improve its user experience on tablet computer, tablets, where Microsoft Windows, Windows competed with mobile operating systems such as Android (operating system), Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell and Start menu#Third version, start screen based on Microsoft's Metro (design language), Metro design language, integration with online services, the Windows Store, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots. Many of these featu ...
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Windows 7
Windows 7 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft. It was Software release life cycle#Release to manufacturing (RTM), released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009. It is the successor to Windows Vista, released nearly three years earlier. Windows 7's Windows Server, server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time. It sold over 630 million copies before it was succeeded by Windows 8 in October 2012. Extended support ended on January 14, 2020, over 10 years after the release of Windows 7, and the operating system ceased receiving further updates. A paid support program was available for enterprises, providing security updates for Windows 7 for up to three years since the official end of life. Windows 7 was intended to be an incremental upgrade to Windows Vista, addressing the previous OS's poor reception while maintaining hardware and software compatibility as well as ...
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Windows Aero
Windows Aero (a backronym for ''Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, and Open'') is the design language introduced in the Microsoft Windows Vista operating system in 2006. The changes introduced by Windows Aero encompassed many elements of the Windows interface, with the introduction of a new visual style with an emphasis on animation, glass, and translucency; interface guidelines for phrasing and tone of instructions and other text in applications were available. New cursors and sounds based on Windows Aero design principles were also introduced. Windows Aero was used as the design language of Windows Vista and Windows 7. The flat design-based Metro design language was introduced on Windows 8, although aspects of the design and features promoted as part of Aero on Windows Vista and 7 have been retained in later versions of Windows (barring design changes to comply with Metro (design language), Metro, MDL2, or Fluent Design System, Fluent). Features Windows Aero is the first major ...
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Desktop Window Manager
Desktop Window Manager (DWM, previously Desktop Compositing Engine or DCE in builds of pre-reset Windows Longhorn) is the compositing window manager in Microsoft Windows since Windows Vista that enables the use of hardware acceleration to render the graphical user interface of Windows. It was originally created to enable portions of the new "Windows Aero" user experience, which allowed for effects such as transparency, 3D window switching and more. It is also included with Windows Server 2008, but requires the "Desktop Experience" feature and compatible graphics drivers to be installed. Architecture The Desktop Window Manager is a compositing window manager, meaning that each program has a buffer that it writes data to; DWM then Compositing, composites each program's buffer into a final image. By comparison, the stacking window manager in Windows XP and earlier (and also Windows Vista and Windows 7 with Windows Aero disabled) comprises a single display buffer to which all progra ...
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Mobile Computer
Mobile computing is human–computer interaction in which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage and allow for transmission of data, which can include voice and video transmissions. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats, and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. Main principles * Portability: Devices/nodes connected within the mobile computing system should facilitate mobility. These devices may have limited device capabilities and limited power supply but should have a sufficient processing capability and physical portability to operate in a movable environment. * Connectivity: This defines the quality of service (QoS) of the network connectivity. ...
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Battery (electricity)
An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices. When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons. When a battery is connected to an external electric load, those negatively charged electrons flow through the circuit and reach the positive terminal, thus causing a redox reaction by attracting positively charged ions, or cations. Thus, higher energy reactants are converted to lower energy products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells; however, the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell. Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as the electrode mat ...
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Random Access Memory
Random-access memory (RAM; ) is a form of electronic computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media (such as hard disks and magnetic tape), where the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement. In today's technology, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuit (IC) chips with MOS (metal–oxide–semiconductor) memory cells. RAM is normally associated with volatile types of memory where stored information is lost if power is removed. The two main types of volatile random-access semiconductor memory are static ...
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Data Compression
In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information. Typically, a device that performs data compression is referred to as an encoder, and one that performs the reversal of the process (decompression) as a decoder. The process of reducing the size of a data file is often referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding: encoding is done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted. Source coding should not be confused with channel coding, for error detection and correction or line coding, the means for mapping data onto a sig ...
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