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While Loop
In most computer programming languages, a while loop is a control flow Statement (computer science), statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given Boolean data type, Boolean condition. The ''while'' loop can be thought of as a repeating Conditional (computer programming), if statement. Overview The ''while'' construct consists of a block of code and a condition/expression. The condition/expression is evaluated, and if the condition/expression is ''true'', the code within all of their following in the block is executed. This repeats until the condition/expression becomes False (logic), false. Because the ''while'' loop checks the condition/expression before the block is executed, the control structure is often also known as a pre-test loop. Compare this with the do while loop, ''do while'' loop, which tests the condition/expression ''after'' the loop has executed. For example, in the languages C (programming language), C, Java (programming language), Java ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Factorial
In mathematics, the factorial of a non-negative denoted is the Product (mathematics), product of all positive integers less than or equal The factorial also equals the product of n with the next smaller factorial: \begin n! &= n \times (n-1) \times (n-2) \times (n-3) \times \cdots \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 \\ &= n\times(n-1)!\\ \end For example, 5! = 5\times 4! = 5 \times 4 \times 3 \times 2 \times 1 = 120. The value of 0! is 1, according to the convention for an empty product. Factorials have been discovered in several ancient cultures, notably in Indian mathematics in the canonical works of Jain literature, and by Jewish mystics in the Talmudic book ''Sefer Yetzirah''. The factorial operation is encountered in many areas of mathematics, notably in combinatorics, where its most basic use counts the possible distinct sequences – the permutations – of n distinct objects: there In mathematical analysis, factorials are used in power series for the ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Articles With Example BASIC Code
Article often refers to: * Article (grammar), a grammatical element used to indicate definiteness or indefiniteness * Article (publishing), a piece of nonfictional prose that is an independent part of a publication Article(s) may also refer to: Government and law * Elements of treaties of the European Union * Articles of association, the regulations governing a company, used in India, the UK and other countries; called articles of incorporation in the US * Articles of clerkship, the contract accepted to become an articled clerk * Articles of Confederation, the predecessor to the current United States Constitution * Article of impeachment, a formal document and charge used for impeachment in the United States * Article of manufacture, in the United States patent law, a category of things that may be patented * Articles of organization, for limited liability organizations, a US equivalent of articles of association Other uses * Article element , in HTML * "Articles", a song ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Programming Language Comparisons
Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Like natural languages, programming languages follow rules for syntax and semantics. There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career. Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include ALGOL, C, C++, JavaScript (under the name ECMAScript), Smalltalk, Prolog, Common Lisp, Scheme (IEEE standard), ISLISP, Ada, Fortran, COBOL, SQL, and XQuery. __TOC__ General comparison The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of commonly used programming languages. See the individual languages' articles for f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Iteration In Programming
Iteration is the repetition of a process in order to generate a (possibly unbounded) sequence of outcomes. Each repetition of the process is a single iteration, and the outcome of each iteration is then the starting point of the next iteration. In mathematics and computer science, iteration (along with the related technique of recursion) is a standard element of algorithms. Mathematics In mathematics, iteration may refer to the process of iterating a function, i.e. applying a function repeatedly, using the output from one iteration as the input to the next. Iteration of apparently simple functions can produce complex behaviors and difficult problems – for examples, see the Collatz conjecture and juggler sequences. Another use of iteration in mathematics is in iterative methods which are used to produce approximate numerical solutions to certain mathematical problems. Newton's method is an example of an iterative method. Manual calculation of a number's square root is a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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LOOP (programming Language)
LOOP is a simple register language that precisely captures the primitive recursive functions. The language is derived from the counter-machine model. Like the counter machines the LOOP language comprises a set of one or more unbounded ''registers'', each of which can hold a single non-negative integer. A few arithmetic instructions (like 'CleaR', 'INCrement', 'DECrement', 'CoPY', ...) operate on the registers. The only control flow instruction is 'LOOP x DO ''...'' END'. It causes the instructions within its scope to be repeated x times. (Changes of the content of register x during the execution of the loop do not affect the number of passes.) History The LOOP language was formulated in a 1967 paper by Albert R. Meyer and Dennis M. Ritchie. They showed the correspondence between the LOOP language and primitive recursive functions. The language also was the topic of the unpublished PhD thesis of Ritchie. It was also presented by Uwe Schöning, along with GOTO and WHILE ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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General Recursive Function
In mathematical logic and computer science, a general recursive function, partial recursive function, or μ-recursive function is a partial function from natural numbers to natural numbers that is "computable" in an intuitive sense – as well as in a formal one. If the function is total, it is also called a total recursive function (sometimes shortened to recursive function). In computability theory, it is shown that the μ-recursive functions are precisely the functions that can be computed by Turing machines (this is one of the theorems that supports the Church–Turing thesis). The μ-recursive functions are closely related to primitive recursive functions, and their inductive definition (below) builds upon that of the primitive recursive functions. However, not every total recursive function is a primitive recursive function—the most famous example is the Ackermann function. Other equivalent classes of functions are the functions of lambda calculus and the functions tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Primitive Recursive Function
In computability theory, a primitive recursive function is, roughly speaking, a function that can be computed by a computer program whose loops are all "for" loops (that is, an upper bound of the number of iterations of every loop is fixed before entering the loop). Primitive recursive functions form a strict subset of those general recursive functions that are also total functions. The importance of primitive recursive functions lies in the fact that most computable functions that are studied in number theory (and more generally in mathematics) are primitive recursive. For example, addition and division, the factorial and exponential function, and the function which returns the ''n''th prime are all primitive recursive. In fact, for showing that a computable function is primitive recursive, it suffices to show that its time complexity is bounded above by a primitive recursive function of the input size. It is hence not particularly easy to devise a computable function th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Foreach
In computer programming, foreach loop (or for-each loop) is a control flow statement for traversing items in a collection. is usually used in place of a standard loop statement. Unlike other loop constructs, however, loops usually maintain no explicit counter: they essentially say "do this to everything in this set", rather than "do this times". This avoids potential off-by-one errors and makes code simpler to read. In object-oriented languages, an iterator, even if implicit, is often used as the means of traversal. The statement in some languages has some defined order, processing each item in the collection from the first to the last. The statement in many other languages, especially array programming languages, does not have any particular order. This simplifies loop optimization in general and in particular allows vector processing of items in the collection concurrently. Syntax Syntax varies among languages. Most use the simple word for, although other use the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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For Loop
In computer science, a for-loop or for loop is a control flow Statement (computer science), statement for specifying iteration. Specifically, a for-loop functions by running a section of code repeatedly until a certain condition has been satisfied. For-loops have two parts: a header and a body. The header defines the iteration and the body is the code executed once per iteration. The header often declares an explicit For loop#Loop counters, loop counter or loop Variable (computer science), variable. This allows the body to know which iteration is being executed. For-loops are typically used when the number of iterations is known before entering the loop. For-loops can be thought of as shorthands for while-loops which increment and test a loop variable. Various keywords are used to indicate the usage of a for loop: descendants of ALGOL use "", while descendants of Fortran use "". There are other possibilities, for example COBOL which uses . The name ''for-loop'' comes from the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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Semantics (computer Science)
In programming language theory, semantics is the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages. Semantics assigns computational meaning to valid strings in a programming language syntax. It is closely related to, and often crosses over with, the semantics of mathematical proofs. Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be done by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or giving an explanation of how the program will be executed on a certain platform, thereby creating a model of computation. History In 1967, Robert W. Floyd published the paper ''Assigning meanings to programs''; his chief aim was "a rigorous standard for proofs about computer programs, including proofs of correctness, equivalence, and termination". Floyd further wrote: A semantic definition of a programming language, in our approach, is founded on a syntactic definition. It mu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |